Question

1. why was the twelfth amendment passed?

the jefferson presidency
what is judicial review?
jeffersons inauguration signaled the first time in the new nations history that power was transferred from one political party to another. jefferson believed that the people should have greater control of the government. he also believed that government should be simple and small. as president, he got a chance to put his beliefs into practice. he took steps to limit the power of the central government. for example, he reduced the size of the army, stopped an expansion of the navy, and lowered expenses for government social functions. he also rolled back hamiltons economic program by eliminating internal taxes and reducing the influence of the national bank. he favored free trade rather than government - controlled trade.
jefferson was the first president to be in the new capital, washington, dc. its location between virginia and maryland showed the growing importance of the south. jefferson and the two presidents who followed him, james madison and james monroe, were from virginia, too.
jefferson also was a moderate. so this increase in southern dominance meant that new england and the federalists were losing power. also, national expansion worked against the federalists because settlers in new states usually voted for the democratic - republicans. this party better represented their interests.
while they no longer ruled the executive branch, the federalists remained powerful in the judicial branch. adams had appointed john marshall, a federalist, as chief justice of the supreme court. just before he left office, president adams pushed a law through congress called the judiciary act of 1801. this law increased the number of federal judges to 16. adams quickly filled the positions with federalists. these judges were called midnight judges because adams signed their appointments late on the last day of his presidency.
adamss packing of the courts with federalists angered jefferson and the democratic - republicans. they argued that these appointments were not valid.
this debate led to one of the most important supreme court decisions of all time. the case revolved around a midnight judge, william marbury, who had never received his official papers. the judge claimed that congress must hand them over under a provision of the judiciary act of 1789. in marbury v. madison, however, the supreme court ruled that the provision was unconstitutional. the court ruled that the constitution did not empower the supreme court to issue such orders as the act required. this decision established the principle of judicial review. this principle allows the supreme court to declare a law unconstitutional.

1. what was the importance of marbury v. madison?

Explanation:

The text explains that in Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court ruled a provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional. This decision established the principle of judicial review, which gives the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

Answer:

It established the principle of judicial review, allowing the Supreme Court to declare a law unconstitutional.