Question

which genetic condition results in the trait indicated by the blue color being expressed in the individuals shown here?
homozygous recessive
x - linked recessive
x - linked dominant
dominant

Explanation:

1. Analyze the pedigree: Parents are Ff (heterozygous). Offspring with "ff" (homozygous recessive) show the blue trait.
2. Eliminate other options: X - linked recessive would show sex - bias (more males), but here both male and female with ff are affected. Dominant traits would be expressed in Ff or FF, but ff is recessive. X - linked dominant would also not fit as ff (assuming f is on X, but males would be fY and females ff, but parents are Ff which doesn't fit X - linked dominant inheritance). So the trait is expressed in homozygous recessive (ff) individuals.

Answer:

A. homozygous recessive