Question

what is the role of a pioneer species in primary succession?

○ to destroy parasites
○ to provide shade
○ to provide fruit
○ to produce the soil

Explanation:

In primary succession, pioneer species (like lichens, mosses) colonize barren areas (e.g., bare rock). They help break down the substrate, add organic matter, and eventually form soil, enabling other species to grow. "To destroy parasites" is irrelevant. "To provide shade" and "to provide fruit" are not pioneer species' primary roles in succession. The key role is soil production/formation.

Answer:

to produce the soil