Question

1. what did galileo discover? how did the church react to his discovery? why did they react that way?

1. what is the scientific method?

1. what does anatomy mean?

reform and innovation

1. definitions:

a. vanities
b. excommunication
c. indulgences
d. reformation
e. vernacular

Explanation:

Question 1

Galileo discovered (among other things) evidence supporting the heliocentric model (Sun - centered solar system) through telescopic observations (e.g., moons of Jupiter, phases of Venus). The Church (Catholic Church) initially warned him, then later condemned his work as heretical (forced him to recant). They reacted this way because his findings contradicted Church - supported geocentric (Earth - centered) doctrine, which was tied to religious teachings (scripture interpretations) and Church authority.

The Scientific Method is a systematic approach to research: 1. Observe a phenomenon. 2. Formulate a testable hypothesis. 3. Design and conduct experiments to test the hypothesis. 4. Analyze data from experiments. 5. Draw conclusions (accept/reject hypothesis, refine it). It emphasizes empirical evidence, reproducibility, and logical reasoning to understand natural phenomena.

Anatomy is the branch of biology (Natural Science - Biology subfield) that studies the structure of organisms (human, animal, plant). It includes gross anatomy (visible structures) and microscopic anatomy (e.g., histology, cytology), examining parts, organs, tissues, cells, and their spatial relationships.

Answer:

Galileo discovered evidence for heliocentrism (e.g., Jupiter's moons, Venus's phases). The Church condemned his work (forced recantation) as it contradicted geocentric doctrine tied to Church/religious authority.

Question 2