unit 3 - ecology and biodiversity of marine life
1. review all of the ocean zones (hint: embah) and the vocabulary we learned associated with the ocean zones. list the ocean zones in order from shallowest to deepest.
2. which ocean zone exists only where there are trenches in the ocean?
3. in which zone can plants survive? photic or aphotic?
4. what percent of the earth is covered in water?
5. what dissolved gases, found in the ocean, are important to living things?
6. define: halocline, pycnocline, thermocline
7. define surface tension and give an example of this.
8. define autotroph, heterotroph and mixotroph
9. review biotic and abiotic and give 3 examples of each.
10. when a population reaches its peak or its maximum number, we call this ______.

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 1
# Explanation:
## Step1: Recall Ocean Zones (EMBAH)
The hint EMBAH likely stands for Epipelagic, Mesopelagic, Bathypelagic, Abyssopelagic, Hadalpelagic.
## Step2: Order from Shallowest to Deepest
Epipelagic is the shallowest (sunlight zone), then Mesopelagic (twilight), Bathypelagic (midnight), Abyssopelagic (abyssal), Hadalpelagic (trenches, deepest).
# Answer: Epipelagic, Mesopelagic, Bathypelagic, Abyssopelagic, Hadalpelagic

### Question 2
# Explanation:
The Hadalpelagic zone (or Hadal zone) is the deepest ocean zone, existing only in ocean trenches (like Mariana Trench). Other zones (Epipelagic, Mesopelagic, etc.) are more widespread.
# Answer: Hadalpelagic (or Hadal) Zone

### Question 3
# Explanation:
## Step1: Define Photic and Aphotic Zones
Photic zone has enough light for photosynthesis; Aphotic has no light for photosynthesis.
## Step2: Determine Plant Survival
Plants need light for photosynthesis, so they survive in the Photic zone.
# Answer: Photic

### Question 4
# Explanation:
## Step1: Recall Earth's Water Coverage
Approximately 71% of the Earth's surface is covered in water (about 97% saltwater, 3% freshwater).
# Answer: Approximately 71% (or 70 - 75% range, commonly 71%)

### Question 5
# Explanation:
## Step1: Identify Dissolved Gases in Ocean
Oxygen (for respiration) and Carbon Dioxide (for photosynthesis in marine plants/algae) are key dissolved gases important to marine life.
# Answer: Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

### Question 6
# Explanation:
## Step1: Define Halocline
Halocline: A layer in the ocean where salinity changes rapidly with depth.
## Step2: Define Pycnocline
Pycnocline: A layer where water density changes rapidly with depth (due to salinity, temperature, or both).
## Step3: Define Thermocline
Thermocline: A layer where water temperature changes rapidly with depth (in tropical/subtropical oceans, a strong thermocline exists).
# Answer:
- Halocline: Rapid salinity change with depth.
- Pycnocline: Rapid density change with depth.
- Thermocline: Rapid temperature change with depth.

### Question 7
# Explanation:
## Step1: Define Surface Tension
Surface tension is the cohesive force between liquid molecules at the surface, creating a "skin - like" effect (due to unbalanced intermolecular forces).
## Step2: Give an Example
Example: A paperclip can float on water surface (if placed gently) because surface tension supports it; or water beading on a waxed surface.
# Answer:
- Definition: The cohesive force between liquid molecules at the surface, causing the surface to resist external forces (acts like a stretched elastic membrane).
- Example: A paperclip floating on water (when placed carefully) or water forming beads on a waxed car.

### Question 8
# Explanation:
## Step1: Define Autotroph
Autotroph: An organism that produces its own food (e.g., via photosynthesis or chemosynthesis), like plants, algae, some bacteria.
## Step2: Define Heterotroph
Heterotroph: An organism that cannot produce its own food, so it consumes other organisms (e.g., animals, fungi, most bacteria).
## Step3: Define Mixotroph
Mixotroph: An organism that can use both autotrophic (produce food) and heterotrophic (consume food) modes of nutrition (e.g., some protists, like Euglena).
# Answer:
- Autotroph: Organism that makes its own food (e.g., photosynthesis/chemosynthesis).
- Heterotroph: Organism that eats other organisms for food.
- Mixotroph: Organism that uses both autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition.

### Question 9
# Explanation:
## Step1: Define Biotic and Abiotic
Biotic: Living or once - living components of an ecosystem (e.g., plants, animals, bacteria, dead organic matter).
Abiotic: Non - living components (e.g., temperature, water, sunlight, soil, salinity).
## Step2: Give 3 Examples of Each
Biotic examples: Fish, Seaweed, Coral (all living in marine ecosystems).
Abiotic examples: Ocean Temperature, Salinity (salt content), Sunlight (in photic zone).
# Answer:
- Biotic: Living/once - living. Examples: Fish, Seaweed, Coral.
- Abiotic: Non - living. Examples: Temperature, Salinity, Sunlight.

### Question 10
# Explanation:
## Step1: Recall Population Ecology Terms
When a population reaches its maximum size (carrying capacity) or peak number, the term for this peak (before potential decline or stabilization) can also be referred to as the "carrying capacity" (K) if it's the maximum sustainable, or "peak population" / "population maximum". However, in population dynamics, when a population grows and reaches its carrying capacity (the maximum number the environment can support), that's the peak (stable or with fluctuations).
# Answer: Carrying Capacity (or Peak Population, though "carrying capacity" is the ecological term for the maximum sustainable population)

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QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

Question 1

Step1: Recall Ocean Zones (EMBAH)

Step2: Order from Shallowest to Deepest

Step1: Define Photic and Aphotic Zones

Step2: Determine Plant Survival

Answer:

Question 2