sc.912.l.18.11 explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy. students will generally be able to state how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction and identify the effects of environmental factors on enzyme activity.
11. what are enzymes?
12. to what extent do enzymes affect the energy of the reaction in the following: reactants, activation point, and products?

13. what conditions may denature an enzyme and/or reduce its activity?

unit 1: instructional sequence 3:
sc.912.l.14.1 describe the scientific theory of cells (cell theory) and relate the history of its discovery to the process of science.
14. what are the 3 principles of the cell theory?
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Question

sc.912.l.18.11 explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy. students will generally be able to state how enzymes speed up the rate of a biochemical reaction and identify the effects of environmental factors on enzyme activity.
11. what are enzymes?
12. to what extent do enzymes affect the energy of the reaction in the following: reactants, activation point, and products?

13. what conditions may denature an enzyme and/or reduce its activity?

unit 1: instructional sequence 3:
sc.912.l.14.1 describe the scientific theory of cells (cell theory) and relate the history of its discovery to the process of science.
14. what are the 3 principles of the cell theory?
  -
  -
  -

Accepted Answer

### Question 11: What are enzymes?
# Brief Explanations:
Enzymes are biological catalysts (usually proteins, some RNA) that speed up biochemical reactions in cells by lowering activation energy. They are specific to substrates, bind at active sites, and are not consumed in reactions.
# Answer:
Enzymes are biological catalysts (usually proteins, or some RNA) that speed up the rate of biochemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur.

### Question 12: To what extent do enzymes affect the energy of the reaction in the following: reactants, activation point, and products?
# Brief Explanations:
- Reactants: Enzymes do not change the energy of reactants. The initial energy state of reactants remains the same.
- Activation point (activation energy): Enzymes lower the activation energy (the energy needed to start the reaction) significantly. This is their key role in speeding up reactions.
- Products: Enzymes do not change the energy of the products. The final energy state of products remains the same as in the uncatalyzed reaction. So enzymes affect the activation energy (lower it) but not the energy of reactants or products.
# Answer:
- Reactants: Enzymes do not affect the energy of reactants.
- Activation point (activation energy): Enzymes **lower** the activation energy (the energy required to start the reaction).
- Products: Enzymes do not affect the energy of products.

### Question 13: What conditions may denature an enzyme and/or reduce its activity?
# Brief Explanations:
Enzyme activity/structure (denaturation) is affected by:
- **Temperature**: Extreme heat (above optimal, e.g., human enzymes ~37°C) breaks bonds, denaturing the enzyme (loss of 3D structure, including active site). Cold slows activity (no denaturation usually).
- **pH**: Deviation from optimal pH (e.g., pepsin ~pH 2, trypsin ~pH 8) disrupts ionic/hydrogen bonds, altering active site shape.
- **Enzyme concentration**: Low concentration limits reaction rate (substrate not all bound).
- **Substrate concentration**: Low substrate can limit rate; high substrate (up to saturation) increases rate until all active sites are occupied.
- **Inhibitors**: Competitive (bind active site, block substrate) or non - competitive (bind allosteric site, change active site shape) inhibitors reduce activity.
Denaturation (permanent loss of active site structure) is mainly caused by extreme temperature or pH.
# Answer:
Conditions that may denature an enzyme (permanently alter its 3D structure, including the active site) or reduce its activity include:
- **Extreme temperature**: Heat (above the enzyme’s optimal temperature, e.g., human enzymes ~37°C) breaks bonds (like hydrogen, ionic bonds) in the enzyme’s structure, causing denaturation. Cold temperatures slow enzyme activity (but usually do not denature most enzymes).
- **Extreme pH**: Deviating from the enzyme’s optimal pH (e.g., pepsin works best at pH ~2, trypsin at pH ~8) disrupts the enzyme’s secondary/tertiary structure (via bond breakage or formation), altering the active site.
- **Enzyme inhibitors**: Competitive inhibitors (bind to the active site, blocking substrate) or non - competitive inhibitors (bind to an allosteric site, changing the active site’s shape) reduce activity.
- **High salt concentration**: Can disrupt ionic bonds in the enzyme’s structure, affecting activity/denaturing it.

### Question 14: What are the 3 principles of the cell theory?
# Brief Explanations:
The cell theory has three core principles:
1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
3. All cells arise from pre - existing cells (through cell division, e.g., mitosis/meiosis for eukaryotes, binary fission for prokaryotes).
These principles emerged from discoveries by scientists like Hooke (first observed cells), Schleiden (plants are made of cells), Schwann (animals are made of cells), and Virchow (cells come from pre - existing cells).
# Answer:
The three principles of the cell theory are:
- All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living organisms.
- All cells arise from pre - existing cells (cells divide to produce new cells).

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Question 11: What are enzymes?

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Question 12: To what extent do enzymes affect the energy of the reaction in the following: reactants, activation point, and products?