reviewing key ideas
section 1
1. the mixture of food and gastric juice that passes from your stomach to your small intestine is called
a. peristalsis.
b. chyme.
c. bile.
d. absorption.
2. most mechanical digestion takes place in the
a. epiglottis.
b. gallbladder.
c. stomach.
d. large intestine.
3. what are enzymes? what is their role in digestion?
4. describe how nutrients move from your digestive system into your blood.
5. how is the pancreas involved in digestion?
6. critical thinking why is mechanical digestion important for chemical digestion?
7. critical thinking some antibiotics used to fight disease also kill harmless bacteria in your body. how might this affect vitamin levels in your body?
section 2
8. exercise and consuming plenty of fiber may help you avoid
a. constipation.
b. foodborne illness.
c. lactose intolerance.
d. inflammatory bowel disease.
9. cross - contamination is most likely to occur when foods are not properly
a. cooked.
b. separated.
c. chilled.
d. cleaned.
10. describe two ways in which exercise benefits your digestive system.
11. list three ways that microorganisms that cause foodborne illnesses can be spread.
12. critical thinking why do you think that weight loss is a symptom of several different digestive disorders?
section 3
13. in which orga
a. the kidney
c. the liver
14. the filtering
a. bladder.
c. ureter.
15. list the org travels from
16. why is dri excretory
17. critical stone blc
18. maki restau quest parag situa
19. con mer in a he
20. se co n o a

Question

Accepted Answer

To solve these questions, we'll address them one by one using the Answer - Explanation Format as they are related to Biology (a subfield of Natural Science) and don't require complex calculations.

### Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
Chyme is the mixture of food and gastric juice that moves from the stomach to the small intestine. Peristalsis is muscle movement, bile is a digestive fluid, and absorption is nutrient uptake.
# Answer:
b. chyme.

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
Most mechanical digestion occurs in the stomach through churning. The epiglottis is for swallowing, gallbladder stores bile, and large intestine absorbs water.
# Answer:
c. stomach.

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions (catalysts). In digestion, they break down large food molecules into smaller, absorbable ones (e.g., amylase breaks down starch).
# Answer:
Enzymes are biological catalysts (proteins) that speed up chemical reactions. In digestion, they break down large food molecules (like carbs, proteins, fats) into smaller, absorbable units (e.g., amylase breaks starch into sugars, proteases break proteins into amino acids).

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
Nutrients move from the digestive system to blood via absorption. In the small intestine, nutrients (monosaccharides, amino acids, fatty acids) pass through the intestinal lining (villi and microvilli increase surface area) into capillaries (for carbs/proteins) or lacteals (for fats, then to blood via lymph).
# Answer:
In the small intestine, nutrients (e.g., sugars, amino acids, fatty acids) are absorbed through the intestinal lining (villi/microvilli increase surface area). Monosaccharides and amino acids enter capillaries; fatty acids enter lacteals (lymphatic vessels), which later empty into the blood.

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
The pancreas aids digestion by producing digestive enzymes (e.g., proteases, lipases, amylases) that enter the small intestine to break down proteins, fats, and carbs. It also produces bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine, creating a suitable pH for enzyme action.
# Answer:
The pancreas produces digestive enzymes (e.g., proteases for proteins, lipases for fats, amylases for carbs) that enter the small intestine to break down nutrients. It also secretes bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid in the small intestine, enabling enzymes to function.

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
Mechanical digestion (e.g., chewing, stomach churning) breaks food into smaller pieces. This increases the surface area of food, allowing chemical digestion (by enzymes) to occur more efficiently (more enzyme - substrate contact).
# Answer:
Mechanical digestion (e.g., chewing, stomach churning) breaks food into smaller pieces, increasing its surface area. This allows chemical digestion (enzyme - mediated breakdown) to occur faster and more effectively, as enzymes have more surface area to act on.

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
Some gut bacteria (harmless) help produce vitamins (e.g., vitamin K, B - vitamins). Antibiotics killing these bacteria can reduce vitamin production, lowering vitamin levels (e.g., less vitamin K if gut bacteria that make it are killed).
# Answer:
Many harmless gut bacteria help produce vitamins (e.g., vitamin K, B - vitamins). Antibiotics killing these bacteria reduces their population, so less vitamin production occurs, potentially lowering vitamin levels (e.g., reduced vitamin K synthesis could affect blood clotting).

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
Exercise and fiber help avoid constipation. Fiber adds bulk to stool, and exercise stimulates intestinal muscle movement (peristalsis), promoting regular bowel movements. Foodborne illness is from contaminated food, lactose intolerance from lactase deficiency, and inflammatory bowel disease has other causes.
# Answer:
a. constipation.

### Question 9
# Brief Explanations:
Cross - contamination occurs when harmful bacteria spread between foods, often when foods (especially raw and cooked) are not properly separated. For example, raw chicken juice on a cutting board then used for salad. Cooking kills bacteria, chilling slows growth, cleaning removes bacteria but separation prevents spread between foods.
# Answer:
b. separated.

### Question 10
# Brief Explanations:
Exercise benefits the digestive system by stimulating peristalsis (speeding up food movement, preventing constipation) and reducing stress (stress can disrupt digestion). It also increases blood flow to the digestive organs, aiding nutrient absorption.
# Answer:
1. Stimulates peristalsis: Exercise increases intestinal muscle contractions, moving food through the digestive tract, preventing constipation. 2. Reduces stress: Stress can disrupt digestion; exercise lowers stress, promoting normal digestive function. (Or: Increases blood flow to digestive organs, aiding nutrient absorption and organ function.)

### Question 11
# Brief Explanations:
Microorganisms causing foodborne illness spread via: 1. Contaminated hands (touching raw food then ready - to - eat food). 2. Cross - contamination (raw meat juices on surfaces/utensils used for other foods). 3. Contaminated water (drinking water with pathogens, or using it to wash food).
# Answer:
Three ways: 1. Contaminated hands (e.g., not washing hands after handling raw meat, then touching ready - to - eat food). 2. Cross - contamination (e.g., raw chicken juice on a cutting board, then using the board for salad). 3. Contaminated water (e.g., drinking water with pathogens, or using it to wash produce).

### Question 12
# Brief Explanations:
Weight loss is a symptom of digestive disorders because these disorders can reduce nutrient absorption (e.g., celiac disease damages the intestine, limiting absorption), cause nausea/vomiting (reducing food intake), or increase metabolism (e.g., in inflammatory bowel disease, the body uses more energy to fight inflammation).
# Answer:
Digestive disorders often cause weight loss by: 1. Reducing nutrient absorption (e.g., celiac disease damages the intestinal lining, so nutrients aren't absorbed). 2. Causing nausea/vomiting (reducing food intake). 3. Increasing energy use (e.g., inflammatory bowel disease: the body expends more energy fighting inflammation, or diarrhea leads to calorie loss).

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