Question

question 4
an approach that views human beings and environments as open systems that modify each other is called
○ biological reductionism.
○ cultural determinism.
○ coevolutionary.
○ historical materialism.

Explanation:

• Biological reductionism focuses on explaining complex phenomena (like human - environment interactions) solely in terms of biological factors. It does not consider the mutual modification of humans and environments as open systems.
• Cultural determinism emphasizes the role of culture as the main (or sole) determinant of human behavior and development. It does not account for the two - way interaction between humans and environments as open systems.
• Coevolutionary approach: In anthropology (a sub - field of Social Science), the coevolutionary approach views human beings and their environments as open systems. Humans modify their environments (e.g., through agriculture, urbanization), and in turn, the environment (including the modified one) modifies humans (e.g., through resource availability affecting population growth and distribution).
• Historical materialism is a theory in Marxism that focuses on the role of material conditions (especially economic ones) in the development of human society. It is more about the base - superstructure relationship in society rather than the mutual modification of humans and environments as open systems.

Answer:

coevolutionary.