part 3
wild-type sequence:
atgtgccctttg...
individual 2:
atgtgacctttg...
what type of mutation does individual 2 have? select all that apply.
☐ missense
☐ deletion
☐ insertion
☐ silent
☐ frameshift
☐ nonsense

Question

Accepted Answer

# Brief Explanations:
1. First, compare the wild - type sequence (ATGTGCCCTTTG...) and Individual 2's sequence (ATGTGACCTTTG...). We can see that a base 'G' is replaced by 'A' (the third - fourth base: in wild - type it's 'TGCC' and in Individual 2 it's 'TGAC').
2. A missense mutation is a point mutation that changes a single nucleotide, resulting in a codon that codes for a different amino acid. Since there is a single base substitution here, it can be a missense mutation.
3. A silent mutation is a base substitution that does not change the amino acid encoded by the codon. But we don't know if this substitution changes the amino acid yet, but the key here is the type of mutation (substitution). However, let's check other options:
   - Deletion: There is no removal of a base, so deletion is out.
   - Insertion: There is no addition of a base, so insertion is out.
   - Frameshift: Frameshift mutations are caused by insertions or deletions of nucleotides that are not in multiples of three, which is not the case here (it's a single base substitution), so frameshift is out.
   - Nonsense: A nonsense mutation changes a codon to a stop codon, and there's no indication of that here.
   - The mutation here is a single - base substitution. A missense mutation is a type of single - base substitution that changes the amino acid, and it can also be considered. Wait, actually, the mutation here is a point mutation (substitution). The options: missense is a type of point mutation (substitution) that changes the amino acid. But also, is it silent? Wait, let's re - examine the sequences. The wild - type sequence segment: let's split into codons (assuming standard codon length, though we don't know the reading frame, but let's check the bases). The wild - type has "TGCC" (positions, say, 3 - 6: A T G T G C C C T T T G... so T G C (codon) and in Individual 2: T G A (codon). TGC codes for Cysteine, TGA is a stop codon? Wait, no, maybe I miscounted. Wait the wild - type is ATGTGCCCTTTG... so let's write the bases: A T G T G C C C T T T G... Individual 2: A T G T G A C C T T T G... So the change is at position 5 - 6 (if we start counting from 1: A(1), T(2), G(3), T(4), G(5), C(6) in wild - type; A(1), T(2), G(3), T(4), G(5), A(6) in Individual 2). So the codon (if we take codons as triplets: starting at 1: ATG (Met), TGC (Cys), CCT (Pro)... In Individual 2: ATG (Met), TGA (stop), CCT (Pro)... Wait, TGA is a stop codon. So this would be a nonsense mutation? Wait, I made a mistake earlier. But let's correct:
   - Wild - type codon (assuming reading frame starts at 1): Codon 2: TGC (Cys), Codon 3: CCT (Pro).
   - Individual 2 codon 2: TGA (stop), Codon 3: CCT (Pro).
   - So the mutation is a point substitution (G→A at the second position of the codon TGC→TGA). TGA is a stop codon. So it's a nonsense mutation? Wait, no, maybe the reading frame is different. But regardless, the key is the type of mutation: it's a single - base substitution. So the possible mutations:
     - Missense: if the substitution changes the amino acid (not to a stop codon).
     - Nonsense: if it changes to a stop codon.
     - But let's go back to the options. The original sequences: wild - type: ATGTGCCCTTTG..., Individual 2: ATGTGACCTTTG... So the change is C→A (at the position where the third C was? Wait no, wild - type has "TGCC" (T G C C) and Individual 2 has "TGAC" (T G A C). So the base C is replaced by A. So it's a single - base substitution.
     - Deletion: no, because the length of the sequence segment is the same (the "CC" in wild - type and "AC" in Individual 2? Wait no, wild - type: ATGTGCCCTTTG... has "TGCC" (T, G, C, C) and Individual 2 has "TGAC" (T, G, A, C). So one base (C) is replaced by A. So it's a point mutation (substitution).
     - Now, missense: a point mutation that changes the amino acid. Nonsense: a point mutation that changes to a stop codon. But let's check the codons. If the reading frame is such that TGC is a codon (coding for Cys) and TGA is a stop codon, then it's a nonsense mutation. But maybe the reading frame is different. However, the main thing is the type of mutation: substitution. So the possible options: missense (if it's a non - stop - codon - changing substitution) or nonsense (if it is a stop - codon - changing substitution). But also, maybe I made a mistake in the initial analysis. Wait, the question is to select all that apply. Let's re - evaluate:
       - Missense: yes, because it's a single - base substitution (point mutation) that can change the amino acid (depending on reading frame).
       - Wait, no, if TGC (Cys) becomes TGA (stop), then it's nonsense. But maybe the reading frame is different. Alternatively, maybe the mutation is a missense. But let's check the options again. The key is that the mutation is a single - base substitution. So:
         - Missense: is a type of single - base substitution (point mutation) that changes the amino acid.
         - Nonsense: is a type of single - base substitution that changes to a stop codon.
         - But in the given options, let's see: the change is a single base (C→A). So the mutation is a point mutation (substitution). So the applicable mutations are missense (if it changes the amino acid) and maybe nonsense (if it changes to a stop codon). But also, is it silent? No, because silent mutations don't change the amino acid. But we don't know the exact codon function, but the type of mutation (substitution) is what's important here. Wait, the original wild - type has "GCC" and Individual 2 has "GAC"? No, wait the wild - type is ATGTGCCCTTTG... so after ATGTG, it's CCTTTG... Wait, I think I misread the sequences. Let's write them out:

Wild - type: A T G T G C C C T T T G...

Individual 2: A T G T G A C C T T T G...

So between the two, the change is at the 6th base (counting from 1: A(1), T(2), G(3), T(4), G(5), C(6) in wild - type; A(1), T(2), G(3), T(4), G(5), A(6) in Individual 2). So the codon (if we take codons as triplets starting at 1: Codon 1: ATG (Met), Codon 2: TGC (Cys), Codon 3: CCT (Pro)... In Individual 2: Codon 1: ATG (Met), Codon 2: TGA (stop), Codon 3: CCT (Pro)... So this is a nonsense mutation (changes to a stop codon) and also a point substitution. But also, missense? No, because a missense mutation doesn't change to a stop codon. Wait, I'm confused. Let's go back to the basic definitions:

- Missense: single - base substitution, new codon codes for different amino acid (not stop).
- Nonsense: single - base substitution, new codon is stop codon.
- Silent: single - base substitution, new codon codes for same amino acid.
- Deletion: removal of one or more bases.
- Insertion: addition of one or more bases.
- Frameshift: insertion or deletion of non - multiple - of - three bases, changing reading frame.

In this case, it's a single - base substitution (C→A). So it can be either missense (if new codon is not stop) or nonsense (if new codon is stop). But let's check the codon TGA: TGA is a stop codon. So if the original codon was TGC (Cys) and it becomes TGA (stop), then it's a nonsense mutation. But maybe the reading frame is different. Alternatively, maybe the mutation is a missense. Wait, maybe I made a mistake in the codon. Let's check the genetic code:

- TGC: Cysteine (Cys)
- TGA: Stop (nonsense)
- So the mutation here is a nonsense mutation (because it changes a codon to a stop codon) and also a point mutation (substitution). But also, is it missense? No, because missense doesn't result in a stop codon. Wait, but the options: the question is "select all that apply". Let's re - examine the sequences again. Wait, the wild - type sequence is ATGTGCCCTTTG... and Individual 2 is ATGTGACCTTTG... So the difference is at the position of the 'C' (in wild - type) and 'A' (in Individual 2) in the sequence. So it's a single - base substitution (C→A). So the possible mutations:

- Missense: yes, because it's a single - base substitution (point mutation) that can change the amino acid (if we don't consider it being a stop codon, but maybe the reading frame is different). Wait, no, TGA is a stop codon. But maybe the reading frame is shifted? No, it's a single - base substitution, not an insertion or deletion, so the reading frame is not shifted.

Wait, maybe I made a mistake in the codon assignment. Let's count the bases:

Wild - type: A (1), T (2), G (3), T (4), G (5), C (6), C (7), C (8), T (9), T (10), T (11), G (12)...

Individual 2: A (1), T (2), G (3), T (4), G (5), A (6), C (7), C (8), T (9), T (10), T (11), G (12)...

So the change is at base 6: C→A. So the codon starting at base 4: T (4), G (5), C (6) in wild - type (TGC: Cys); T (4), G (5), A (6) in Individual 2 (TGA: stop). So it's a nonsense mutation (because it creates a stop codon) and also a point mutation (substitution). But also, is it missense? No, because missense doesn't create a stop codon. Wait, but the options: the question is to select all that apply. Let's check the options again:

- Missense: single - base substitution, different amino acid (not stop).
- Nonsense: single - base substitution, stop codon.
- But in this case, since TGA is a stop codon, it's a nonsense mutation. But also, is there a missense? No, because missense is for non - stop - codon changes. Wait, maybe I messed up the sequence. Let's look at the original problem again. The wild - type is ATGTGCCCTTTG... and Individual 2 is ATGTGACCTTTG... So the "GCC" in wild - type becomes "GAC" in Individual 2? Wait, no, "TGCC" vs "TGAC". Oh! I see my mistake. The wild - type has "TGCC" (T, G, C, C) and Individual 2 has "TGAC" (T, G, A, C). So the third base of the codon (if we take T G C as a codon) is C, and in Individual 2 it's A. So TGC (Cys) and TGA (stop) or T G A (if the codon is TGA) or if the codon is G C C (wild - type) and G A C (Individual 2). Wait, maybe I was looking at the wrong part. Let's split the sequence into codons starting at position 1:

Wild - type:

Codon 1: ATG (Met)

Codon 2: TGC (Cys)

Codon 3: CCT (Pro)

Individual 2:

Codon 1: ATG (Met)

Codon 2: TGA (stop)

Codon 3: CCT (Pro)

Or, if we start at position 2:

Codon 1: TGT (Cys)

Codon 2: GCC (Ala)

Codon 3: CTT (Leu)

Individual 2:

Codon 1: TGT (Cys)

Codon 2: GAC (Asp)

Codon 3: CTT (Leu)

Ah! Here's the mistake. I was starting the codon at the wrong position. If we start the codon at position 2 (T), then wild - type codon 2 is GCC (Ala) and Individual 2 codon 2 is GAC (Asp). So GCC codes for Alanine, GAC codes for Aspartic acid. So this is a missense mutation (single - base substitution, C→A, changing the amino acid from Ala to Asp) and also a point mutation (substitution). Now, let's re - evaluate the options:

- Missense: yes, because it's a single - base substitution that changes the amino acid (Ala→Asp).
- Deletion: no, no base removed.
- Insertion: no, no base added.
- Silent: no, because the amino acid changes.
- Frameshift: no, because it's a single - base substitution, not an insertion or deletion of non - multiple - of - three bases.
- Nonsense: no, because it doesn't create a stop codon (GAC is not a stop codon, TGA was a mistake in codon starting position).

So the correct mutation type here is missense, because it's a single - base substitution that results in a different amino acid (Ala→Asp when codon starts at position 2: T (2), G (3), C (4) in wild - type (TGC? No, wait position 2: T, 3: G, 4: T, 5: G, 6: C, 7: C... Wait, I think the key is that there is a single - base substitution (C→A) in the DNA sequence, which can lead to a missense mutation (change in amino acid). So the applicable option is missense.
# Answer:
missense

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