Question

indian natio
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in 1914 the return of a young hindu from south africa brought new life to india’s struggle for independence. mohandas gandhi was born in 1869 in the gujarat, in western india. he studied in london and became a lawyer. in 1893, he went to south africa to work in a law firm serving indian workers there. he soon became aware of the racial exploitation of indians living in british - controlled south africa.
on his return to india, gandhi became active in the independence movement. using his experience in south africa, he began a movement based on nonviolent resistance. its aim was to force the british to improve the lot of the poor and to grant independence to india. ultimately, gandhi’s movement led to indian independence. in 1922, he wrote:
“violence may rid a nation of its foreign masters but will only enslave it from inside. no nation can really be free which is at the mercy of its army and its military heroes. if the people cry for freedom on its soldiers, the soldiers will rule the country, not the people. till the recent awakening of the workers of europe, this was the only freedom which the powers of europe really enjoyed. true freedom can exist only when those who produce, not those who desire or know only to live on other’s labour, are the masters....
submission or withdrawal of co - operation is the real and only alternative before india. submission to injustice puts on the tempting garb of peace and gradual progress, but there is no surer way to death than submission to wrong.”
—mohandas gandhi, freedom’s battle, 1922
checking for understanding

1. identifying causes what led to an indian independence movement?
2. interpreting how did gandhi’s experience in south africa inform his decisions in india?
3. describing explain what led to the creation of the muslim league.

Explanation:

The problem is about understanding historical events related to Indian independence and the Muslim League, which falls under the subfield of History in Social Science. To answer, we analyze historical context: British colonial rule's oppression (economic, political) led to Indian independence movement. Gandhi's South Africa experience with racial discrimination shaped his non - violent resistance (Satyagraha) for India. The Muslim League was formed due to Muslim concerns about representation, fearing Hindu - dominated rule post - independence, and desire for separate political identity.

Answer:

1. The Indian independence movement was led by British colonial rule's exploitation (economic: draining resources, political: lack of self - governance, social: racial discrimination), along with the rise of nationalist leaders like Gandhi and growing awareness of Indian identity.
2. Gandhi's experience in South Africa, where he faced racial discrimination and led non - violent protests against it, made him adopt non - violent resistance (Satyagraha) in India. He learned to mobilize people, use civil disobedience against unjust laws, and focus on the rights of the oppressed, which he applied to fight British rule in India.
3. The Muslim League was created because Muslims in India were concerned about their political representation. They feared that after independence, a Hindu - dominated government would not protect their interests. Also, the All - India Congress Party was seen as more Hindu - oriented, so Muslims wanted a separate political organization to advocate for their rights, ensure their voice in governance, and eventually push for a separate Muslim state (which later led to Pakistan's creation).