Question

how do living things alter the biotic and abiotic environment to cause the process of succession? i. lichens and small plants produce soil that allow larger plants to grow. ii. large trees produce shade and compete for resources with smaller plants, causing a reduction in their populations. iii. animals replace plants due to their superior intelligence. i, ii and iii ii only i only i and ii only ii and iii only

Explanation:

Lichen and small - plants forming soil for larger plants (I) and large trees competing with smaller plants (II) are valid ways living things cause succession. Animals do not replace plants due to 'superior intelligence' as plants are fundamental to ecosystems and have unique survival strategies.

Answer:

I and II only