Question

1. how are gymnosperms in category gnetophyta usually pollinated? by insects by hand by wind by water

Explanation:

Gnetophytes, a group of gymnosperms, have unique pollination mechanisms. While most gymnosperms are wind - pollinated (anemophily), gnetophytes like Ephedra and Welwitschia show some insect - pollination (entomophily) characteristics. Their pollen grains may have features that attract insects.

Answer:

A. by insects