document a
source: simón bolívar, an address of bolívar at the congress of angostura, february 15, 1819.
note: simón bolívar was one of the most influential revolutionary leaders. he was a creole born in 1783 in what is now caracas, venezuela. the congress of angostura took place during the wars of independence of colombia and venezuela. this short excerpt was taken from bolívar’s opening speech.
we are not europeans; we are not indians; we are but a mixed species of aborigines native - born and spaniards. americans by birth and europeans by law, we find ourselves engaged in a dual two - sided conflict: we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership, and at the same time we are struggling to maintain ourselves in the country that gave us birth against the opposition of the invaders. thus our position is most extraordinary and complicated.
document analysis
1. using the background essay as a reminder, which social class or classes would be “americans by birth and europeans by law” in latin america in 1819?
2. what is the “dual conflict” bolívar describes?
3. focusing on the word “we,” which social class do you think bolívar means when he says “we are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership”?
4. to whom is bolívar referring when he speaks of “invaders”?
5. simón bolívar uses the words “us” and “we” repeatedly in this short passage. why do you think he does that? in other words, what message is he sending about national togetherness?
6. how could you use this document to explain why creoles led the fight in the revolution against spain?

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Accepted Answer

### Sub - Question 1
# Brief Explanations:
In 1819 Latin America, the social class of Creoles (people of European descent born in the Americas) fit "Americans by birth and Europeans by law" as they were born in the Americas but had legal ties to Europe (Spain).
# Answer:
The Creole class (people of European descent born in Latin America) would be "Americans by birth and Europeans by law" in Latin America in 1819.

### Sub - Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
From the document, Bolivar says the dual conflict is two - sided: one is disputing with natives for ownership titles, and the other is struggling against invaders to stay in their birth country.
# Answer:
The "dual conflict" is: 1) Disputing with the natives for titles of ownership. 2) Struggling to maintain themselves in their birth country against the opposition of the invaders.

### Sub - Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
When Bolivar says "We are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership", "we" likely refers to the Creole class. Creoles, as land - owning or aspiring land - owning class, would have conflicts with native peoples over land ownership.
# Answer:
Bolivar most likely means the Creole class when he says "We are disputing with the natives for titles of ownership".

### Sub - Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
In the context of Latin American independence from Spain, when Bolivar speaks of "invaders", he is referring to the Spanish colonial forces, as they were the foreign power that had colonized and were now being opposed by those seeking independence.
# Answer:
Bolivar is referring to the Spanish colonial forces (the Spanish who were in control of the Latin American colonies) when he speaks of "invaders".

### Sub - Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
By repeatedly using "us" and "we", Bolivar is trying to create a sense of unity among the people who share the same situation (being a mixed species of aborigines and Spaniards, facing dual conflicts). He is sending a message that they are a unified group with a common identity and a common struggle, which promotes national togetherness in the fight for independence and self - determination.
# Answer:
Bolivar uses "us" and "we" repeatedly to create a sense of unity. The message about national togetherness is that the people he is addressing are a unified group with a common identity, common struggles (dual conflict), and should come together to face their challenges (against natives for ownership and against invaders) and strive for their rights and independence.

### Sub - Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
This document shows that Creoles (the "we" in the document) had a complex position. They were in conflict with natives over land and also had to fight against Spanish invaders. Their legal ties to Europe (Spain) were not enough to give them full rights, and they were also not fully accepted as "natives". So, they led the fight against Spain because they wanted to gain full control of their birth country, get rid of the Spanish colonial rule that restricted their rights, and also secure their position against native peoples in terms of land ownership and political power.
# Answer:
This document can be used to explain that Creoles led the fight against Spain because: 1) They were in a complex position ("extraordinary and complicated") as a mixed group with dual conflicts. 2) They wanted to break free from Spanish rule (the "invaders") to maintain themselves in their birth country. 3) They also had interests in land ownership (disputing with natives) that could be better protected under their own independent rule rather than Spanish colonial rule. So, leading the revolution against Spain was a way to gain control, protect their interests, and resolve their complex position.

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