chapter test
1. the neuron that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles and glands is the ______.
2. the tiny space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another is called the ______.
3. regarding a neuron’s response to stimulation, the intensity of the stimulus determines ______.
4. in a sending neuron, when an action potential reaches an axon terminal, the impulse triggers the release of chemical messengers called ______.
5. endorphins are released in the brain in response to ______.
6. the autonomic nervous system controls internal functions, such as heart rate and glandular activity. the word autonomic means ______.
7. the sympathetic nervous system arouses us for action and the parasympathetic nervous system calms us down. together, the two systems make up the ______ nervous system.
8. the neurons of the spinal cord are part of the ______ nervous system.
9. the most influential endocrine gland, known as the master gland, is the ______.
10. the ______ secrete(s) epinephrine and norepinephrine, helping to arouse the body during times of stress.
11. the part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is the ______.
12. the thalamus functions like a ______.
13. the brain’s oldest structure is the ______.
14. the part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement and balance is the ______.
15. two parts of the limbic system are the amygdala and the ______.
16. a cat’s fear response to electrical brain stimulation would lead you to suppose the electrode had touched the ______.
17. the neural structure that most directly regulates eating, drinking, and body temperature is the ______.
18. the initial reward center discovered by olds and milner was located in the ______.
19. if a neurosurgeon stimulated your right motor cortex, you would most likely ______.
20. how do different neural networks communicate with one another to let you respond when a friend greets you at a party?
21. which of the following body regions has the greatest representation of the somatosensory cortex?
22. judging and planning are enabled by the ______ lobes.
(the options for each question are as follows, extracted from the image:
1. a. axon terminal b. branching fiber c. synapse gap d. threshold
2. (options not fully visible, but typical for neuron structure)
3. a. whether or not an impulse is generated b. how fast an impulse is transmitted c. how intense an impulse will be d. whether reuptake will occur
4. (options related to neurotransmitters)
5. a. morphine or heroin b. pain or vigorous exercise c. the all - or - none response d. all of the above
6. a. calming b. voluntary c. self - regulating d. arousing
7. a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. autonomic d. central
8. a. central b. peripheral c. autonomic d. somatic
9. a. pituitary b. hypothalamus c. thyroid d. pancreas
10. a. lungs b. adrenal glands c. liver d. kidneys
11. a. cerebellum b. medulla c. thalamus d. cortex
12. a. memory bank b. learning center c. biological regulator d. sensory control center
13. a. spinal cord b. cerebellum c. reticular formation d. medulla
14. a. cerebellum b. thalamus c. medulla d. pons
15. a. cerebral hemispheres b. hippocampus c. thalamus d. pituitary
16. a. amygdala b. hypothalamus c. cerebellum d. medulla
17. a. endocrine system b. hypothalamus c. hippocampus d. amygdala
18. a. amygdala b. hypothalamus c. nucleus accumbens d. cerebellum
19. a. see light b. hear a sound c. feel a touch on the right arm d. move your left leg
20. (open - ended, but related to neural communication)
21. a. upper arm b. toes c. lips d. all regions are equally represented
22. a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital)

Question

Accepted Answer

Since this is a set of biology (a subfield of Natural Science) multiple - choice questions related to the nervous system and endocrine system, here are the answers with brief explanations:

### Question 2
# Brief Explanations:
The tiny space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another is the synaptic gap. Option a (axon terminal) is the end of the axon, option b (branching fiber) is about dendrites, option d (threshold) is related to the minimum stimulus for a neuron to fire.
# Answer:
c. synaptic gap

### Question 3
# Brief Explanations:
The intensity of a neuron's response to stimulation is determined by whether or not an impulse will occur (all - or - none principle). Option a is wrong as neurons either fire or not, option b is about how the impulse is generated, option c is about the strength of the response which is not determined by the stimulus intensity in the way described.
# Answer:
d. whether or not an impulse will be

### Question 4
# Brief Explanations:
In a sending neuron, when an action potential reaches an axon terminal, it triggers the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. This is a basic concept of neuron communication.
# Answer:
neurotransmitters (Note: Since it's a fill - in - the - blank in the original, but for the multiple - choice context, if we assume the options were related, the correct term is neurotransmitters)

### Question 5
# Brief Explanations:
Endorphins are released in the brain in response to pain or vigorous exercise (also in the all - or - none response? No, endorphins are related to pain relief and exercise - induced euphoria). Option a (morphine or heroin) are external opioids, option c (the all - or - none response) is about neuron firing. So the answer is b (pain or vigorous exercise) and also d (all of the above) is wrong as a and c are not correct. Wait, actually, endorphins are released in response to pain, vigorous exercise, and also the body's stress response. So the correct answer is d. all of the above.
# Answer:
d. all of the above

### Question 6
# Brief Explanations:
The automatic nervous system (autonomic nervous system) controls internal functions and is self - regulating. The word "autonomic" means self - regulating. Option a (calming) is not the meaning, option b (voluntary) is for the somatic nervous system, option d (arousing) is not the main meaning of autonomic.
# Answer:
c. self - regulating

### Question 7
# Brief Explanations:
The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems together make up the autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is for voluntary movements, the central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord, the peripheral nervous system is outside the central nervous system.
# Answer:
autonomic

### Question 8
# Brief Explanations:
The neurons of the spinal cord are part of the central nervous system (CNS). The peripheral nervous system includes nerves outside the brain and spinal cord, the autonomic nervous system is part of the peripheral, the somatic nervous system is also part of the peripheral.
# Answer:
central

### Question 9
# Brief Explanations:
The most influential endocrine gland, known as the master gland, is the pituitary. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary, the thyroid is an endocrine gland but not the master gland, the pancreas has both endocrine and exocrine functions but is not the master gland.
# Answer:
a. pituitary

### Question 10
# Brief Explanations:
The adrenal glands secrete epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine, helping to arouse the body during times of stress. The pituitary gland controls other glands, the hypothalamus regulates the pituitary, the pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon.
# Answer:
adrenal glands

### Question 11
# Brief Explanations:
The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is the medulla. The cerebellum is for coordination, the thalamus is a relay station, the cortex is the outer layer of the brain.
# Answer:
a. medulla

### Question 12
# Brief Explanations:
The thalamus functions like a sensory control center, relaying sensory information to the appropriate areas of the brain. Option a (memory bank) is for the hippocampus, option c (language regulator) is for areas like Broca's and Wernicke's, option d (emotional center) is for the amygdala.
# Answer:
b. sensory control center

### Question 13
# Brief Explanations:
The brain's oldest structure that governs arousal is the reticular formation. The spinal cord is for reflexes, the cerebellum is for coordination, the medulla is for vital functions.
# Answer:
b. reticular formation

### Question 14
# Brief Explanations:
The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement and balance is the cerebellum. The hippocampus is for memory, the thalamus is a relay station, the primary (if it was primary motor cortex) is for movement initiation but not balance.
# Answer:
cerebellum (Note: If the options were given as in a standard question, the correct option related to balance and voluntary movement coordination is the cerebellum)

### Question 15
# Brief Explanations:
Two parts of the limbic system are the amygdala and the hippocampus. The cerebral hemispheres are not part of the limbic system, the thalamus is a relay station, the pituitary is an endocrine gland.
# Answer:
(If options were like a. cerebral hemispheres - wrong, b. hippocampus - correct part of limbic system, c. thalamus - wrong, d. pituitary - wrong. So if the option was b, then) b. hippocampus (assuming the options were structured this way)

### Question 16
# Brief Explanations:
A cat's fear response to electrical brain stimulation would lead you to suppose the electrode had touched the amygdala, which is involved in emotions like fear. The hypothalamus is for homeostasis, the hippocampus is for memory, the primary motor cortex is for movement.
# Answer:
amygdala (If the options included amygdala as an option)

### Question 17
# Brief Explanations:
The neural structure that most directly regulates eating, drinking, and body temperature is the hypothalamus. The endocrine system is a system of glands, the hippocampus is for memory, the amygdala is for emotions.
# Answer:
b. hypothalamus

### Question 18
# Brief Explanations:
The initial reward center discovered by Olds and Milner was located in the hypothalamus. The other options like the cortex, cerebellum, or amygdala are not the initial reward center location.
# Answer:
hypothalamus

### Question 19
# Brief Explanations:
If a neurosurgeon stimulated your right motor cortex, you would move your left leg (contralateral control - right motor cortex controls left side of the body). Option a is for the occipital lobe, option b is for the temporal lobe, option c is for the right somatosensory cortex.
# Answer:
d. move your left leg

### Question 20
# Brief Explanations:
Different neural networks communicate with one another through synapses (the gaps between neurons) where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals. This allows for the integration of information so that you can respond when a friend greets you at a party.
# Answer:
through synapses (by releasing neurotransmitters across the synaptic gap)

### Question 21
# Brief Explanations:
The toes have the greatest representation in the somatosensory cortex because the somatosensory cortex has a larger area dedicated to body parts with more fine - touch and sensory discrimination, and the toes (along with fingers) have a high density of sensory receptors. Option a (upper arm) has less representation, option c (lips) also have significant representation but less than toes in terms of the proportion of the cortex, option d is wrong.
# Answer:
b. Toes

### Question 22
# Brief Explanations:
Judging and planning are enabled by the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is part of the frontal lobe and is responsible for higher - order cognitive functions like planning, judgment, and decision - making.
# Answer:
prefrontal cortex

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