37 what gas is used by autotrophs & what gas is produced?
38 what starts the light reactions of plants and in what organelle do they occur?
39 flattened sacs in chloroplasts are known as ______ and are
40 ______ to each other.
41 thylakoid stacks in chloroplasts are called ______.
42 what gel - like solution surrounds the thylakoids inside the chloroplast?
43 what is the visible spectrum?
44 name the 7 colors that make up the visible spectrum.
45 what are pigments & what is their function in plants?
46 is red light reflected or absorbed by an object if the object appears red to

Question

Accepted Answer

### Question 37
# Brief Explanations:
Autotrophs (like plants) perform photosynthesis. In photosynthesis, they use carbon dioxide ($\ce{CO_2}$) and produce oxygen ($\ce{O_2}$). Respiration (used by all autotrophs for energy) uses oxygen and produces carbon dioxide, but the primary gas use/production for autotrophs' energy - making (photosynthesis) is $\ce{CO_2}$ in and $\ce{O_2}$ out.
# Answer:
Used: Carbon Dioxide ($\ce{CO_2}$); Produced: Oxygen ($\ce{O_2}$)

### Question 38
# Brief Explanations:
Light reactions of photosynthesis start with light energy (photons) hitting chlorophyll in the chloroplast. The light reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast organelle.
# Answer:
Starts with: Light (energy); Organelle: Chloroplast (specifically thylakoid membranes)

### Question 39 and 40
# Brief Explanations:
Flattened sacs in chloroplasts are called thylakoids. Thylakoids are arranged in stacks called grana, and the thylakoids are connected (interconnected) to each other (through stroma lamellae or are part of a continuous membrane system). So for question 39, the answer is thylakoids, and for question 40, the relationship is "connected" (or "interconnected", "stacked" can also be considered but "connected" is more about the membrane continuity).
# Answer:
39. Thylakoids; 40. Connected (or Interconnected)

### Question 41
# Brief Explanations:
Thylakoid sacs in chloroplasts are called thylakoids (the individual sacs), and when they are stacked, the stacks are called grana. Wait, the question says "Thylakoid sacs in chloroplasts are called...". Wait, maybe a typo? If it's the stacks of thylakoid sacs, they are called grana. But if it's the individual sacs, they are thylakoids. Assuming it's the stacks (since sacs in plural, maybe stacks), the answer is grana. Wait, no: thylakoids are the individual flattened sacs. So the answer is thylakoids? Wait, no, maybe the question is about the stacks. Wait, the original question: "Thylakoid sacs in chloroplasts are called _________". Wait, maybe it's a mistake, and they mean the stacks. But according to biology, thylakoids are the sacs, and stacks of thylakoids are grana. So if the question is about the sacs, answer is thylakoids; if about stacks, grana. Given the context of question 39 (flattened sacs are thylakoids), maybe question 41 is about the stacks? Wait, no, question 41: "Thylakoid sacs in chloroplasts are called _________". Maybe it's a repeat? No, maybe the question is "Thylakoid stacks in chloroplasts are called...". Assuming that, the answer is grana. But if it's the sacs, thylakoids. Given the previous question (39) is about flattened sacs (thylakoids), maybe question 41 is about the stacks, so grana.
# Answer:
Grana (if referring to stacks of thylakoid sacs) or Thylakoids (if referring to the sacs themselves)

### Question 42
# Brief Explanations:
The gel - like solution that surrounds the thylakoids inside the chloroplast is called the stroma. The stroma is where the Calvin cycle (light - independent reactions) of photosynthesis occurs.
# Answer:
Stroma

### Question 43
# Brief Explanations:
The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. It ranges in wavelength approximately from 400 nanometers (violet) to 700 nanometers (red). It is the range of light wavelengths that can be detected by the photoreceptor cells in the human eye (and by plants for photosynthesis, though plants can also use other wavelengths).
# Answer:
The visible spectrum is the range of electromagnetic radiation (light) with wavelengths between approximately 400 nm (violet) and 700 nm (red) that is visible to the human eye.

### Question 44
# Brief Explanations:
The seven colors that make up the visible spectrum (in order of increasing wavelength) are Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, and Violet (ROYGBIV).
# Answer:
Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet

### Question 45
# Brief Explanations:
Pigments are molecules that absorb specific wavelengths of light. In plants, their main function is to absorb light energy for photosynthesis (e.g., chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light, carotenoids absorb other wavelengths to expand the range of light used for photosynthesis). They also give color to plants (like chlorophyll gives green, carotenoids give yellow/orange).
# Answer:
Pigments: Molecules that absorb specific light wavelengths. Function in plants: Absorb light energy for photosynthesis; also give color to plants.

### Question 46
# Brief Explanations:
An object appears red because it reflects red light and absorbs other wavelengths of light. For example, a red apple reflects red light (which is then detected by our eyes) and absorbs blue, green, etc., wavelengths.
# Answer:
Reflected. Because an object appears red when it reflects red - wavelength light and absorbs other wavelengths.

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Question 37

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Question 38