Question

1. how do antibiotics work?

a. by destroying blood cells
b. by attacking viruses inside cells
c. by targeting bacterial cell walls and specific bacterial enzymes
d. by stopping all microorganisms from reproducing

1. why do antibiotics not work on viruses?

a. viruses have strong cell walls
b. viruses are too large
c. viruses do not have the structures antibiotics target
d. viruses hide inside food

1. a population of bacteria is treated with hand sanitizer. because of genetic variation in the population, what is a possible outcome?

a. some may be resistant and survive. b. all of the bacteria are already resistant.
c. they will get better at obtaining a food source. d. the population will grow quickly.

1. organisms with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more. this process is known as

a. divergent evolution b. natural selection.
c. coevolution. d. sexual selection.

1. an adaptation is

a. any heritable trait. b. a mutation that is harmful to the organism
c. a trait that increases the likelihood of survival d. a genotype

Explanation:

• Question 29: Antibiotics work by targeting bacterial cell walls (e.g., penicillin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis in bacterial cell walls) and specific bacterial enzymes (like some antibiotics interfering with bacterial DNA - gyrase). Option A is incorrect as antibiotics do not destroy blood cells. Option B is wrong because antibiotics are not effective against viruses (viruses are not their target). Option D is too broad as antibiotics are mainly for bacteria, not all microorganisms.
• Question 30: Viruses do not have the structures (such as bacterial - like cell walls or specific bacterial enzymes) that antibiotics target. Viruses have a protein coat and genetic material (either DNA or RNA). Option A is incorrect as viruses do not have cell walls like bacteria. Option B is wrong as virus size is not the reason for antibiotic ineffectiveness. Option D is not relevant to the mechanism of antibiotic action.
• Question 31: Genetic variation in a bacterial population means that there can be differences in traits. Some bacteria may have genes that make them resistant to hand sanitizer (similar to antibiotic - resistance mechanisms in bacteria). Option B is unlikely as it is rare for all bacteria in a population to be resistant initially. Option C is not related to the effect of hand sanitizer. Option D is incorrect as the treatment with hand sanitizer is more likely to reduce the population rather than make it grow quickly.
• Question 32: Natural selection is the process where organisms with traits better suited to their environment tend to survive and reproduce more. Divergent evolution is about the evolution of different species from a common ancestor. Co - evolution is the reciprocal evolution of two or more species. Sexual selection is related to mate - choice and reproductive success.
• Question 33: An adaptation is a trait that increases the likelihood of survival (and thus reproductive success). Option A is too broad as not all heritable traits are adaptations. Option B is incorrect as a harmful mutation is not an adaptation. Option D, a genotype, is the genetic makeup, and an adaptation is more about the phenotypic trait that results from the genotype and is beneficial for survival.

Answer:

1. C. By targeting bacterial cell walls and specific bacterial enzymes
2. C. Viruses do not have the structures antibiotics target
3. A. Some may be resistant and survive.
4. B. natural selection.
5. C. a trait that increases the likelihood of survival