Question

9 of 15
ordinarily, csf forms and drains at a constant rate so that its normal pressure and volume (150 ml—about half a cup) are maintained. any significant changes in csf composition (or the appearance of blood cells in it) could indicate (1 ) or certain other brain pathologies (such as tumors or multiple sclerosis). a procedure called a lumbar (spinal) puncture can obtain a sample of csf for testing. because the withdrawal of (2 ) decreases csf fluid pressure, the patient must remain horizontal (lying down) for 6 to 12 hours after the procedure to prevent an agonizingly painful \spinal headache\.
homeostatic imbalance 7.6
if something obstructs its drainage (for example, a tumor), csf begins to accumulate and exert (3 ) on the brain. this condition is hydrocephalus (hi-dro-sef -ah-lus), literally, \water on the brain.\ hydrocephalus in a newborn baby causes the head to enlarge as the brain increases in size. this is possible in an infant because the skull bones have not yet fused. however, in an adult this condition is likely to result in brain (4 ) because the skull is hard, and the accumulating fluid creates pressure that crushes soft nervous tissue and could restrict blood flow into the brain. today hydrocephalus is treated surgically by inserting a shunt (a plastic tube) to drain the excess fluid into a (5 ) in the neck or abdomen.
1 pressure 2 damage 3 vein 4 meningitis 5 fluid
1 vein 2 meningitis 3 fluid 4 pressure 5 damage
1 fluid 2 pressure 3 damage 4 vein 5 meningitis
1 meningitis 2 fluid 3 pressure 4 damage 5 vein
1 damage 2 vein 3 meningitis 4 fluid 5 pressure

Explanation:

1. Changes in CSF composition can indicate meningitis or other brain - pathologies.
2. Lumbar puncture withdraws CSF (fluid).
3. When CSF drainage is obstructed, it accumulates and exerts pressure on the brain.
4. In adults, hydrocephalus can cause brain damage.
5. A shunt drains excess fluid into a vein.

Answer:

1. meningitis 2. fluid 3. pressure 4. damage 5. vein