Question

1. which mutation causes no amino acid change? 14. how does sickle cell trait provide malaria resistance? 15. which is a structural difference between dna and rna? 16. tall x short plants produce medium height. what inheritance pattern? 17. which mendels law explains random allele distribution in meiosis i? 18. black mouse (b) is dominant to white mouse (b). if 50% of offspring are black - mouse, what are the possible parent genotypes? what trait is dominant? 19. what primary processes increase genetic variability in populations? 20. differentiate protein, carbohydrates, and fats. 21. why does sexual reproduction is more beneficial?

Explanation:

1. Silent mutations do not cause amino - acid changes as they involve changes in the DNA sequence that result in the same amino - acid being incorporated during protein synthesis due to the degeneracy of the genetic code.
2. The sickle - cell trait provides malaria resistance because the abnormal shape of sickle - shaped red blood cells makes it difficult for the malaria parasite to survive and multiply within them.
3. DNA is a double - stranded helix, while RNA is usually single - stranded. DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and the base thymine, whereas RNA has ribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine.
4. When tall (TT or Tt) and short (tt) plants are crossed, if the tall plant is heterozygous (Tt), the inheritance pattern follows Mendelian genetics with a 1:1 ratio of tall to short offspring in a test - cross scenario. If the tall plant is homozygous (TT), all offspring will be tall (Tt).
5. The law of independent assortment in meiosis I explains random allele distribution. It states that the alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation.
6. If black (B) is dominant to white (b) and 50% of offspring are black, possible parent genotypes could be Bb x bb (a test - cross), where half of the offspring will inherit the dominant B allele and be black.
7. Processes like mutation, recombination during meiosis, and sexual reproduction increase genetic variability in populations. Mutation creates new alleles, recombination shuffles existing alleles, and sexual reproduction combines alleles from different parents.
8. Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats can be differentiated based on their chemical structure. Proteins are made of amino acids, carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides, and fats are esters of fatty acids and glycerol.
9. Sexual reproduction is more beneficial because it increases genetic diversity through the combination of genetic material from two parents, which can lead to better adaptation to changing environments and survival of the species.

Answer:

1. Silent mutations.
2. The abnormal shape of sickle - shaped red blood cells hinders the malaria parasite's survival and multiplication.
3. DNA is double - stranded with deoxyribose and thymine; RNA is single - stranded with ribose and uracil.
4. If the tall plant is Tt and short is tt, 1:1 ratio of tall to short; if tall is TT and short is tt, all are tall (Tt).
5. Law of independent assortment.
6. Bb x bb.
7. Mutation, recombination during meiosis, sexual reproduction.
8. Based on chemical structure (amino acids for proteins, monosaccharides for carbohydrates, esters of fatty acids and glycerol for fats).
9. It increases genetic diversity for better adaptation and species survival.