Question

1. what do cladograms show, and how do they illustrate common ancestry? 12. use the phrase “variation → advantage → survival → reproduction” to summarize how evolution works.

Explanation:

Cladograms are diagrams that show the evolutionary relationships among organisms. They illustrate common ancestry by depicting a common ancestor at the base of the diagram, with branches representing the divergence of different species or groups over time. The closer two branches are on a cladogram, the more recently they shared a common ancestor.

Evolution works as follows: Variation exists within a population. Some variations give individuals an advantage in their environment. These individuals are more likely to survive. Surviving individuals can then reproduce, passing on the advantageous traits to their offspring. Over time, these traits become more common in the population, leading to evolutionary change.

Answer:

1. Cladograms show evolutionary relationships. They illustrate common ancestry with a base - ancestor and branching for divergence.
2. Variation in a population leads to some having an advantage. Advantageous individuals survive and reproduce, passing traits, causing evolutionary change.