Question

question 10
an atom is at its most stable when:

• when all of the proton positions in the outermost shell are filled.
• when the number of electrons = number of protons
• the number of neutrons = number of protons
• all of the electron positions in the outermost shell are filled.

question 11
what is a covalent bond?

• it is a bond between polar, covalently bound, atoms in different molecules.
• it is a bond between negative and positive charged ions.
• it is when protons are shared between two elements.
• it is when an electron is shared between two elements.

question 12
what is a chemical bond?

• interactions between two or more of the same molecules that result in the formation of new elements.
• interactions between two or more of the same or different elements that result in the formation of molecules.
• interactions between two or more of the same or different elements that result in the formation of new elements.
• interactions between two or more of the same or differently charged molecules that result in the formation of atoms.

Explanation:

Analyze atomic stability

An atom achieves maximum chemical stability when its outermost electron shell (valence shell) is completely filled with electrons, satisfying the octet rule for most main-group elements. Protons reside in the nucleus, not in shells, and equal numbers of protons and electrons represent a neutral atom, not necessarily a stable valence configuration.

Define covalent bonding

A covalent bond is a chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons. This sharing allows each atom to attain a stable, filled outer electron shell. It does not involve sharing protons, nor is it primarily an electrostatic attraction between fully charged ions (which describes ionic bonding).

Define chemical bonding

A chemical bond refers to the attractive forces and interactions between two or more of the same or different atoms/elements that hold them together, resulting in the formation of molecules or compounds. Chemical reactions and bonding do not create new elements (which is a nuclear process).

Answer:

Question 10

• when all of the proton positions in the outermost shell are filled.
• when the number of electrons = number of protons
• the number of neutrons = number of protons
• all of the electron positions in the outermost shell are filled. (Correct answer)

Question 11

• It is a bond between polar, covalently bound, atoms in different molecules.
• It is a bond between negative and positive charged ions.
• It is when protons are shared between two elements.
• It is when an electron is shared between two elements. (Correct answer)

Question 12

• Interactions between two or more of the same molecules that result in the formation of new elements.
• Interactions between two or more of the same or different elements that result in the formation of molecules. (Correct answer)
• Interactions between two or more of the same or different elements that result in the formation of new elements.
• Interactions between two or more of the same or differently charged molecules that result in the formation of atoms.