Question

which principle states that government officials must follow the same laws as citizens?
federalism
natural rights
rule of law
popular sovereignty
which issue was central in mcculloch v. maryland (1819)?
whether states could tax a federal institution
whether congress could declare war
whether citizens must quarter soldiers
whether states could control immigration
which power did gibbons v. ogden expand by defining commerce broadly?
congressional authority
judicial authority
state sovereignty
executive enforcement

Explanation:

First Question:

• Federalism: Focuses on division of power between federal and state governments, not about officials following laws.
• Natural rights: About inherent rights of individuals, not legal equality of officials.
• Rule of law: Principle that everyone, including government officials, is subject to the law.
• Popular sovereignty: Power of government comes from people, not about legal equality.

• McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) was about Maryland's attempt to tax the Second Bank of the United States, so the central issue was whether states could tax a federal institution.
• Declaring war is a federal power but not the issue here.
• Quartering soldiers is related to the Third Amendment, not this case.
• Immigration control was not the focus of McCulloch v. Maryland.

• Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) involved Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce. By defining "commerce" broadly, it expanded Congressional authority over commerce.
• Judicial authority: The case was about Congressional power, not judicial.
• State sovereignty: The case limited state power over commerce, so it didn't expand state sovereignty.
• Executive enforcement: The case was about legislative (Congressional) power, not executive.

Answer:

C. Rule of law

Second Question: