Question

what did rutherfords model of the atom include that thomsons model did not have?
a nucleus
energy levels
electron clouds
smaller particles

Explanation:

Thomson's model (plum - pudding model) thought atoms were a sphere of positive charge with electrons embedded. Rutherford's gold - foil experiment led to his model, which proposed a small, dense, positively charged nucleus at the center of the atom, with electrons orbiting around it. Energy levels were part of Bohr's model, electron clouds are part of the quantum mechanical model, and both Thomson and Rutherford knew about smaller particles (like electrons and protons/neutrons in Rutherford's case, but the key difference in their models is the nucleus). So Rutherford's model included a nucleus which Thomson's did not.

Answer:

a. a nucleus