Question

what effect does the formation of negative hydrogen ions in the suns photosphere have on solar observations?
the extra electron absorbs different wavelength photons making the photosphere opaque.
concentrations of such ions form sunspots that allow us to track solar rotation.
these ions produce the \diamond ring\ effect that is seen during total solar eclipses.
we can view the suns interior through special filters set to the wavelength of the absorption lines created by such ions.
it divides the suns atmosphere into three distinct, easily observable layers.

Explanation:

Negative hydrogen ions (\(H^-\)) in the sun's photosphere have an extra electron. This extra electron can absorb photons across a wide range of wavelengths. When photons are absorbed, the photosphere becomes opaque (not transparent) in the sense that it scatters and absorbs light rather than allowing it to pass through freely. Sunspots are related to magnetic fields, not directly to negative hydrogen ions. The "diamond - ring" effect is due to the sun's light peeking through valleys on the moon during an eclipse. We cannot view the sun's interior through absorption lines of \(H^-\) in a simple way as described (the sun's interior is not directly observable through such a straightforward filter - based method for \(H^-\) absorption lines). And \(H^-\) does not divide the sun's atmosphere into three distinct layers in the way described.

Answer:

The extra electron absorbs different wavelength photons making the photosphere opaque.