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4. a student on the physics scooter is cruising along at 15.4 km/h when…

Question

  1. a student on the physics scooter is cruising along at 15.4 km/h when they hit the brakes and came to a stop in 4.6 m.

a. find the acceleration of the student while braking?
b. how much time did it take to come to a stop?

  1. a ball is dropped down a shaft and hits the bottom in 3.2 sec.

a) find the depth of the shaft.
b) what is the velocity of the ball when it hits the bottom?

Explanation:

問題4a:求學生剎車時的加速度

Step1: 單位轉換

將初速度\(v_0 = 15.4\space km/h\)轉換為\(m/s\),\(1\space km = 1000\space m\),\(1\space h=3600\space s\),則\(v_0=\frac{15.4\times1000}{3600}\space m/s\approx4.28\space m/s\),末速度\(v = 0\space m/s\),位移\(s = 4.6\space m\)。

Step2: 選用公式

根據運動學公式\(v^{2}-v_{0}^{2}=2as\)(其中\(v\)為末速度,\(v_0\)為初速度,\(a\)為加速度,\(s\)為位移),可得\(a=\frac{v^{2}-v_{0}^{2}}{2s}\)。

Step3: 代入計算

將\(v = 0\),\(v_0\approx4.28\space m/s\),\(s = 4.6\space m\)代入公式,\(a=\frac{0-(4.28)^{2}}{2\times4.6}\space m/s^{2}=\frac{-18.3184}{9.2}\space m/s^{2}\approx - 2.0\space m/s^{2}\)。

Step1: 選用公式

根據運動學公式\(v = v_0+at\)(其中\(v\)為末速度,\(v_0\)為初速度,\(a\)為加速度,\(t\)為時間),可得\(t=\frac{v - v_0}{a}\)。

Step2: 代入計算

已知\(v = 0\),\(v_0\approx4.28\space m/s\),\(a\approx - 2.0\space m/s^{2}\),代入公式\(t=\frac{0 - 4.28}{-2.0}\space s=2.14\space s\)。

Step1: 選用公式

球做自由落體運動,初速度\(v_0 = 0\space m/s\),根據自由落體位移公式\(h=v_0t+\frac{1}{2}gt^{2}\)(\(g = 9.8\space m/s^{2}\)為重力加速度,\(t\)為時間),因為\(v_0 = 0\),所以\(h=\frac{1}{2}gt^{2}\)。

Step2: 代入計算

已知\(t = 3.2\space s\),\(g = 9.8\space m/s^{2}\),代入公式\(h=\frac{1}{2}\times9.8\times(3.2)^{2}\space m=4.9\times10.24\space m = 50.176\space m\)。

Answer:

加速度約為\(-2.0\space m/s^{2}\)

問題4b:求停下來所需的時間