Question

richardson et al. (2013) found that first trimester cocaine exposure has been associated with less sociability, more withdrawn behavioral problems, more anxious/depressed behaviors and symptoms in the children. these behaviors may be precursors of later psychiatric problems. by caregiver reports, higher cocaine use was associated with disruptive behaviors including aggression and delinquent behavior at 9 years of age (mclaughlin et al., 2011). moreover, caregiver reports indicate overall issues of executive function in 12 year - old children with higher amounts of prenatal exposure; in particular, females had greater problems with initiation activities, working memory, and organization (minnes et al., 2014) carmody et al. (2011) further documented cocaine exposure affected the attention and inhibitory control performance of males but not females in children at which inferences can be made from the passage? check all that apply. ☐ prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to more anxiety in childhood. ☐ prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to aggressive behavior, even many years later. ☐ prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to problems with memory or attention. ☐ prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to problems, but they usually go away after one or two years.

Explanation:

1. For the first option: The passage states first - trimester cocaine exposure is associated with more anxious/depressed behaviors in children, so we can infer prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to more anxiety in childhood.
2. For the second option: The passage mentions higher cocaine use was associated with aggressive behavior at 9 years of age, so it can lead to aggressive behavior even many years later.
3. For the third option: The passage says there are issues with working memory and attention in children with higher prenatal exposure, so we can infer it can lead to problems with memory or attention.
4. For the fourth option: The passage does not mention that the problems go away after one or two years; in fact, it suggests the problems may be precursors to later psychiatric problems or persist (like at 9 and 12 years), so this option is incorrect.

Answer:

• Prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to more anxiety in childhood.
• Prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to aggressive behavior, even many years later.
• Prenatal cocaine exposure can lead to problems with memory or attention.