Question

question 5 (4 points)
the idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a cs was challenged by
garcia and koellings findings on taste aversion in rats
pavlovs findings on the conditioned salivary response
watson and rayners findings on fear conditioning in infants
banduras findings on observational learning and aggression in children
question 6 (4 points)
after he was spanked on several occassions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. in this case, spanking was a(n) _____ for colins fear.
negative reinforcer
conditioned stimulus
secondary reinforcer
unconditioned stimulus

Explanation:

• Question 5: Garcia and Koelling's taste - aversion studies in rats showed that rats were more likely to associate taste (a specific type of stimulus) with nausea (an unconditioned stimulus) than other neutral stimuli. This challenged the idea that any neutral stimulus can be a conditioned stimulus (CS). Pavlov's work was about general classical conditioning with a more straightforward CS - US (unconditioned stimulus) pairing. Watson and Rayner's work was on fear conditioning in infants (a specific type of classical conditioning). Bandura's work was on observational learning, not related to the generalizability of CS.
• Question 6: An unconditioned stimulus (US) is a stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers a response (in this case, the spanking naturally causes a fear - like response). A negative reinforcer is something that, when removed, increases a behavior. A conditioned stimulus (CS) is a previously neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a response after association with a US. A secondary reinforcer is a learned reinforcer (like money).

Answer:

Question 5: Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats
Question 6: Unconditioned stimulus