Question

question 7

one of the shortcomings with the health belief model is

select one
a. the lack of research designed to test the model.
b. that it only accounts for habitual behaviors.
c. that there is no standard way of measuring its components.
d. that more recent models suggest it is simply wrong.

question 8

which of the following american health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist?

Explanation:

Analyze Question 7

This question asks for a major shortcoming of the Health Belief Model (HBM). The HBM is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals.

Let's evaluate the options:

• A. the lack of research designed to test the model: Incorrect. The HBM is one of the most widely researched and tested models in health psychology.
• B. that it only accounts for habitual behaviors: Incorrect. The HBM is actually criticized for failing to account well for habitual behaviors (like brushing teeth), focusing instead on conscious, one-time, or non-habitual decisions (like getting a vaccine).
• C. that there is no standard way of measuring its components: Correct. A major methodological criticism of the HBM is that researchers construct different scales and measures for its core components (perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, etc.), leading to a lack of standardized measurement tools.
• D. that more recent models suggest it is simply wrong: Incorrect. While newer models (like the Theory of Planned Behavior) expand on it, they do not dismiss the HBM as "simply wrong."

Thus, option C is the correct choice for Question 7.

Analyze Question 8

This question asks which American health care system is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care physician (PCP) to see a specialist.

Let's evaluate the standard managed care systems in the United States:

• Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs): HMO plans typically require members to choose a primary care physician (PCP) who acts as a "gatekeeper." To see a specialist, the patient must obtain a formal referral from their PCP.
• Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs): PPOs generally do not require referrals to see specialists, allowing patients to go directly to any specialist in or out of network (though in-network is cheaper).
• Point of Service (POS): While POS plans also use a gatekeeper model, the classic and most well-known system strictly defined by this gatekeeping referral requirement is the HMO.

Therefore, the correct answer is a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO).

Synthesize the final answers

We will format both multiple-choice questions clearly. For Question 8, since the options are cut off at the bottom of the image, we will provide the correct standard option, which is Health Maintenance Organization (HMO).

Answer:

Question 7

• A. the lack of research designed to test the model.
• B. that it only accounts for habitual behaviors.
• C. that there is no standard way of measuring its components. (Correct answer)
• D. that more recent models suggest it is simply wrong.

Question 8

• Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) (Correct answer)