Question

1. one effect of nicotine is to narrow or constrict blood vessels. which health consequences are due to this effect of nicotine? select all that apply

elevated blood pressure
emphysema
gum disease
heavy bleeding

Explanation:

• Elevated blood pressure: When blood vessels constrict (narrow), the space for blood to flow is reduced. According to the principle of fluid dynamics in the circulatory system (similar to how a narrower pipe increases pressure for a given flow rate), the heart has to pump harder to push blood through the narrower vessels, leading to elevated blood pressure.
• Emphysema: This is a lung - related condition mainly caused by damage to the alveoli (air sacs in the lungs) due to factors like smoking (but not directly due to blood - vessel constriction). It is related to the respiratory function rather than the vascular constriction effect of nicotine.
• Gum disease: Gum disease is often associated with poor oral hygiene, bacterial infections in the mouth, and some systemic factors. There is no direct link between blood - vessel constriction (due to nicotine) and gum disease.
• Heavy bleeding: When blood vessels constrict, it is actually a mechanism that can help in reducing bleeding (for example, in the case of a cut, local vasoconstriction reduces blood loss). So, heavy bleeding is not a consequence of blood - vessel constriction.

Answer:

elevated blood pressure