Question

how is soil permeability related to the application of fertilizers and pesticides?
highly permeable soil enhances their effectiveness permanently.
highly permeable soil increases risk of contamination into groundwater.
it has no effect on their application.

Explanation:

Soil permeability refers to the ability of soil to transmit water and solutes. Highly permeable soil allows water (and substances dissolved in it like fertilizers and pesticides) to move through it more easily. When fertilizers and pesticides are applied, in highly permeable soil, these chemicals can leach (move downward) more readily. This leaching can carry them into groundwater. Groundwater contamination is a significant environmental concern.

The first option is incorrect because while initially, the movement might seem to spread the substances, it doesn't "permanently enhance effectiveness" as the substances can move out of the root - zone (where they are needed for plants) and into groundwater. The third option is incorrect because soil permeability clearly has an impact on how fertilizers and pesticides move in the soil profile.

Answer:

Highly permeable soil increases risk of contamination into groundwater.