Question

galileos work proved to be an effective and open defense of
the copernican system
a heliocentric view
newtonian physics
papal infallibility

Explanation:

• Newtonian physics: Eliminated, as Newton’s work came after Galileo.
• Papal infallibility: Eliminated, as Galileo clashed with the Church over his support for heliocentrism.
• The Copernican system and A heliocentric view: Galileo’s telescopic observations (e.g., phases of Venus, Jupiter’s moons) supported the heliocentric model (sun - centered), which is the core of the Copernican system. Both options relate to the sun - centered worldview he defended, but “The Copernican system” refers to the specific model by Copernicus, while “A heliocentric view” is the broader concept. Historically, Galileo’s work explicitly defended the Copernican system (a heliocentric model), so both are correct in context.

Answer:

A. The Copernican system, B. A heliocentric view