Question

a client in the later stages of chronic kidney disease (ckd) has hyperkalemia. with ckd, what other factors besides tissue breakdown can cause high potassium levels? select all that apply.

Explanation:

• Bleeding or hemorrhage: When there is bleeding or hemorrhage, red blood cells (which contain potassium) are broken down. This releases potassium into the bloodstream, increasing potassium levels.
• Ingestion of potassium in medications: Some medications contain potassium. If a client with chronic kidney disease (CKD) takes these medications, the already - compromised kidneys (which have reduced ability to excrete potassium) may not be able to handle the extra potassium load, leading to hyperkalemia.
• Failure to restrict dietary potassium: In CKD, the kidneys' ability to excrete potassium is reduced. If a client continues to consume a diet high in potassium (e.g., bananas, oranges, spinach in large amounts), the body cannot get rid of the excess potassium, resulting in hyperkalemia.

Decreased sodium excretion is more related to fluid and sodium balance (e.g., causing edema) rather than directly to potassium levels.

Answer:

1. Bleeding or hemorrhage, 5. Ingestion of potassium in medications, 6. Failure to restrict dietary potassium.