Question

1. the true cause for menstruation from a whole body perspective stand point is

a) lh surge
b) elevated estrogen
c) progesterone withdrawal
d) elevated testosterone
e) lack of fsh

1. even 2nd messengers affect protein transcription and translation (at least indirectly)

a) true
b) false

1. anterior pituitary hormones are triggered by hypothalamic hormones that travel neuronal tissue.

a) true
b) false

1. explain the coordinated physiological processes of the ovarian cycle, hormonal regulation, and uterine changes that result in menstruation. be brief but complete!

Explanation:

1. Menstruation is mainly caused by progesterone withdrawal as it leads to the breakdown of the endometrium. LH surge triggers ovulation, elevated estrogen has multiple effects but not the main cause of menstruation, elevated testosterone is not related to menstruation cause, and lack of FSH is not the main trigger for menstruation.
2. Second - messengers can affect protein transcription and translation either directly or indirectly by activating signaling pathways that can regulate gene expression.
3. Anterior pituitary hormones are triggered by hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones that travel through the hypothalamo - hypophyseal portal system, not through neuronal tissue.
4. The ovarian cycle starts with the follicular phase where follicles develop under the influence of FSH and LH. As follicles mature, they secrete estrogen which thickens the uterine endometrium. Ovulation is triggered by the LH surge. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone which further maintains the endometrium. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels drop, and the endometrium breaks down leading to menstruation.

Answer:

1. c) progesterone withdrawal
2. a) True
3. b) False
4. The ovarian cycle begins with the follicular phase where follicles develop due to FSH and LH. Follicles secrete estrogen, thickening the uterine endometrium. LH surge triggers ovulation. In the luteal phase, the corpus luteum forms and secretes progesterone to maintain the endometrium. Without fertilization, the corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone drops, and the endometrium sheds, causing menstruation.