Question

a 13 year - old girl presents with weakness and no appetite. she is also complaining of headaches and coughing (fluid in lungs). physical exam reveals significant swelling in the hands, feet, and around the eyes. her urine is cloudy with white foam in it. what is the most probable diagnosis?
a) glomerulonephritis
b) type 1 diabetes
c) nephrotic syndrome
d) pancreatitis
e) cholecystitis

Explanation:

Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by significant proteinuria (which can cause foamy urine), edema (swelling in hands, feet, around eyes), and other related symptoms. Glomerulonephritis may have hematuria (blood in urine) more prominently and different presentation. Type 1 diabetes is mainly about high blood sugar - related symptoms like polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), polyphagia (excessive hunger). Pancreatitis is related to abdominal pain, elevated pancreatic enzymes. Cholecystitis is related to gallbladder - related pain (usually right upper quadrant).

Answer:

c) nephrotic syndrome