Question

which of the following statement(s) about chemical bonding are true?
select all that apply
a bonds are formed by valence electrons of interacting atoms
b bonding always involves atoms evenly sharing valence electrons
c bonds are permanent attractions that cannot be broken once formed
d bonding occurs to give both atoms a more stable electron configuration

Explanation:

• Option a: Chemical bonds are indeed formed by the valence electrons of interacting atoms. For example, in ionic bonding, electrons are transferred (valence electrons are involved), and in covalent bonding, electrons are shared (valence electrons are involved).
• Option b: Bonding does not always involve even sharing of valence electrons. In polar covalent bonds (e.g., in \(H - Cl\)), electrons are shared unequally. Only in non - polar covalent bonds (e.g., \(H - H\)) are electrons shared evenly.
• Option c: Bonds are not permanent. Chemical reactions involve the breaking and forming of bonds. For example, in the reaction \(2H_{2}+O_{2}\to 2H_{2}O\), \(H - H\) and \(O = O\) bonds are broken and new \(O - H\) bonds are formed.
• Option d: Atoms bond to achieve a more stable electron configuration. For example, sodium (with one valence electron) loses an electron (to achieve a noble - gas - like configuration) and chlorine (with seven valence electrons) gains an electron (to achieve a noble - gas - like configuration) to form an ionic bond in \(NaCl\). In covalent bonding, atoms share electrons to achieve a full valence shell (e.g., two hydrogen atoms share electrons to have a full \(1s\) shell like helium).

Answer:

A. Bonds are formed by valence electrons of interacting atoms, D. Bonding occurs to give both atoms a more stable electron configuration