Question

1. observe: most atoms are stable with a configuration of eight valence electrons. this is known as the octet rule. how many valence electrons does each atom have? sodium: chlorine: 3. form a bond: each electron has a charge of 1-, and each proton has a charge of 1+. you can calculate the charge of an atom by subtracting the number of electrons from the number of protons. move an electron from the sodium to the chlorine atom. a. what are the charges of each atom now? sodium: chlorine:

Explanation:

Step1: Determine valence electrons

Sodium (\(Na\)) has an atomic number of \(11\). Its electron configuration is \(1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{1}\). The outermost (valence) shell is the \(3s\) shell, so sodium has \(1\) valence electron.
Chlorine (\(Cl\)) has an atomic number of \(17\). Its electron configuration is \(1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{5}\). The outermost (valence) shell is the \(3p\) (and \(3s\)) shell. The number of valence electrons is \(7\) (\(2 + 5\) from \(3s\) and \(3p\) sub - shells).

Step2: Calculate charges after electron transfer

Sodium starts with \(11\) protons (\(+ 11\)) and \(11\) electrons (\(-11\)), net charge \(0\). After losing \(1\) electron, it has \(11\) protons (\(+11\)) and \(10\) electrons (\(-10\)). The charge is \(+1\) (\(11-10\)).
Chlorine starts with \(17\) protons (\(+17\)) and \(17\) electrons (\(-17\)), net charge \(0\). After gaining \(1\) electron, it has \(17\) protons (\(+17\)) and \(18\) electrons (\(-18\)). The charge is \(-1\) (\(17 - 18\)).

Answer:

Sodium has \(1\) valence electron. Chlorine has \(7\) valence electrons. After electron transfer, Sodium has a charge of \(+1\) and Chlorine has a charge of \(-1\).