Question

elements that are characterized by the filling of p orbitals are classified as______.
groups 1a and 2a
groups 3a through 8a
transition metals
inner transition metals

Explanation:

• Groups 1A and 2A: These elements are characterized by the filling of \(s\) orbitals. For example, alkali metals (Group 1A) have their outermost electron in an \(s\) orbital (\(ns^{1}\)), and alkaline - earth metals (Group 2A) have \(ns^{2}\) configurations.
• Groups 3A through 8A: The general electron - configuration for these groups (excluding helium) is \(ns^{2}np^{1 - 6}\). As the principal quantum number \(n\) increases (from one period to the next), the \(p\) orbitals in the outermost shell are being filled.
• Transition metals: These elements are characterized by the filling of \(d\) orbitals. Their general electron - configuration is \((n - 1)d^{1-10}ns^{0 - 2}\).
• Inner - transition metals: These elements are characterized by the filling of \(f\) orbitals. The lanthanides have the general configuration \((n - 2)f^{1 - 14}(n - 1)d^{0-1}ns^{2}\), and the actinides follow a similar pattern with the filling of \(5f\) orbitals.

Answer:

groups 3A through 8A