Biologie
Zellbiologie, Genetik, Ökologie und Grundlagen der Lebenswissenschaften.
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what is the benefit of using a technology called pre-implantation genet…
Some parents with disease alleles are now able to have children who do not carry an inherited mutated gene.
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what are the most likely genotypes of two parents who are not albino an…
Aa and Aa
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male sperm are produced from ______ cells by the process of ______. - d…
D. diploid; meiosis
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what is the most common mutation that causes cystic fibrosis? ○ a delet…
a deletion mutation on chromosome 7
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how have genetic studies helped explain why two cf patients with the ex…
B. Some patients have a second mutation, such as a TGFB1 allele mutation, which generates more scarring after lung infections.
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cystic fibrosis severity varies between similar patients with the δf508…
C. Mutations in the modifier genes on other chromosomes affect the immune system.
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which process mixes up combinations of alleles on a single chromosome? …
C. recombination
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which process mixes up combinations of alleles on a single chromosome? …
C. recombination
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at what point during the cell cycle do chromosomes initially consist of…
E. Interphase
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how are proto - oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes different? ○ proto…
Proto - oncogenes promote cell division when a cell is ready, and tumor suppressor genes halt cell division when a DNA sequence needs correction or repair.
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what is the p53 gene and how can its mutation cause cancer? ○ it is a t…
It is a tumor suppressor gene that normally promotes apoptosis, and which causes cancer when it fails to induce apoptosis in rapidly dividing cells.
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what would happen if spindle fibers failed to form during the cell cycl…
The chromosomes of the parent cell would not divide.
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which phrases accurately describe the role of microtubules in the cell …
organization of the chromosomes, migration of the chromosomes
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what is the purpose of cell cycle checkpoints? ○ to coordinate cell spe…
to ensure that cell cycle phases proceed only when the cell is ready
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what is the result of the mitosis checkpoint being passed before the ce…
C. improperly aligned chromosomes that are not equally distributed to daughter cells
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select the statements that are true about mitosis. select the two answe…
B. Mitosis is the division of the cell nucleus and cytoplasm into two genetically identical daughter cells. C. During mitosis, duplicated chromosomes separate and become part of t…
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how does interphase relate to mitosis? interphase is unnecessary for mi…
Interphase alternates with mitosis.
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how do doctors test for the presence of a brca1 mutation? a blood sampl…
B. A DNA sample is extracted from the nuclei of white blood cells for genetic testing.
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why did loreen ahern have her ovaries removed during her breast cancer …
B. to reduce estrogen production and reduce the likelihood that mutations in breast cells will occur
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what is the general function of mitosis? ○ daughter cells physically se…
C. The sister chromatids of each chromosome separate from each other.
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a researcher isolates cells from a tumor and studies them. the research…
contain a mutated tumor suppressor gene.
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what happens during g₀? the cell prepares to enter the division phases.…
This is the resting stage where the cell performs its intended bodily function.
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what is the general function of cytokinesis? the cell produces more org…
C. Daughter cells physically separate from each other.
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what is the general function of interphase? chromosomes line up in sing…
Third option: The cell makes a copy of the DNA and produces more organelles and cytoplasm.
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compared to healthy cells, certain cancer types have elevated levels of…
C. chemotherapy
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in mitosis, what happens during metaphase? the nuclear membrane dissolv…
The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell, and the mitotic spindle fibers attach to the sister chromatids.
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why is it important to detect and repair dna damage before the s phase …
C. Cells do not want to replicate errors in the DNA.
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a man inherits a high-risk brca1 gene. his sister inherits the same all…
Both siblings have a greater risk of developing breast cancer relative to males and females, respectively, without BRCA1 mutations.
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which subphases are part of interphase? ○ g₁, s, and g₂ ○ g₁, g₂, and c…
A. \(G_1\), \(S\), and \(G_2\)
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why did loreen ahern take tamoxifen during her breast cancer treatment?…
C. to reduce estrogen production and reduce the likelihood that mutations in breast cells will occur
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if a person develops a mutation in a key skin cell gene involved in reg…
The person may develop skin cancer.
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in which phase does the cell form sister chromatids that are linked at …
S
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why would someone with a mutation in the brca1 gene have a higher risk …
A. It increases the chance that damaged DNA will not be fixed.
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an example of an ethical consideration in scientific research is: ○ fun…
Compliance with safety regulations in the laboratory
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select the activities that are likely to lead to exposure to a mutagen.…
smoking tobacco, applying inorganic pesticides, consuming alcohol
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select three possible ways mutations can be acquired. select the three …
- being exposed to substances that damage DNA - inheriting mutations from one’s parents - leaving mistakes uncorrected during DNA replication
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what may happen when a mutation changes the amino acid sequence of a pr…
The protein may become less effective, more effective, or altogether nonfunctional.
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what is a point mutation? ○ a nucleotide is substituted in a gene seque…
A. A nucleotide is substituted in a gene sequence, which alters the associated codon.
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what disease does sickle cell trait protect against? ○ abnormal blood c…
malaria
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what is sickle cell trait? ○ having abnormally shaped red blood cells i…
D. having a single copy of the mutated beta - globin gene
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modifications of blood stem cells are ○ germ-line changes, so they can …
somatic changes, so they will not be passed on to offspring.
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what are the two main components of crispr technology? □ an enzyme that…
an enzyme that cuts DNA. a small piece of RNA that directs the enzyme to the sequence of DNA that needs to be fixed.
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hematopoietic stem cells are ______ cells that develop into ______ cell…
undifferentiated; blood
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which type of cell is impacted in sickle cell disease? ○ red blood cell…
red blood cells
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the table contains the dna sequence for a segment of the human insulin …
substitution
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the table contains the dna sequence for a segment of the human insulin …
substitution
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question 16 of 27 the table contains the dna sequence for a segment of …
A. substitution
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what is an insertion mutation? ○ the exchange of one nucleotide for ano…
the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a DNA molecule
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what is a deletion mutation? ○ changing a single purine nucleotide to a…
the loss of one or more nucleotide pairs in a DNA molecule
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a mutation causes a substitution of one amino acid for another in the e…
missense
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what is a substitution mutation? ○ the addition of one or more nucleoti…
the exchange of one nucleotide for another nucleotide in a DNA molecule
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which step of the proact model involves evaluating the potential outcom…
A. Consequences
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which of the following is a known mutagen? ○ all of these ○ x-rays ○ ch…
all of these
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what are examples of different types of mutagens? □ micronutrients □ ma…
C. infectious agents, D. radiation, E. chemicals
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which of the following is not a step in the proact model for ethical de…
D. Traditions
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a cell with mutated dna may not be able to produce proteins accurately.…
B. exposure to X - ray radiation, C. chemicals in some pesticides, E. uncorrected DNA replication errors
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which statement describes the mechanism by which new alleles are formed…
Mutations can occur within existing genes, which brings about new allele variations.
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what is a mutation? ○ a change in the nucleotide sequence of dna ○ a ch…
a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
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what is the final product of gene expression? ○ a protein ○ a ribosome …
a protein
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a protein is made up of a chain of ______. simple sugars lipids amino a…
amino acids
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how are genes, chromosomes, and proteins related? a gene contains many …
A gene on a chromosome encodes a protein.
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if a person lives in central africa, what is the best beta-globin genet…
heterozygous for the sickle beta - globin gene
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which molecule(s) sustain(s) an alteration due to the sickle cell mutat…
beta - globin DNA, beta - globin mRNA, and hemoglobin protein
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modifications of blood stem cells are: ○ somatic changes, so they will …
A. somatic changes, so they will not be passed on to offspring.
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where should researchers look for mutations that protect against ebola?…
B. sub - Saharan Africa, near the Ebola River
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cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease in which the cftr protein is abnor…
inherited nonsense mutation
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manny’s treatment uses crispr technology to edit the genome of blood st…
D. Both rely on genetic engineering techniques.
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what treatment(s) cure sickle-cell anemia? ○ narcotics and blood transf…
bone marrow transplants and gene therapy
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where did scientists look when searching for mutations that protect aga…
equatorial regions, because this is where malaria is common
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question 9 (true/false worth 2 points) (02.01r lc) examples of chaparra…
false
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sickle-cell anemia is the result of a single gene mutation. which cellu…
adult hemoglobin
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(02.01r lc) tropical rainforests are known to have high biodiversity. t…
true
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what sickle cell symptoms did manny experience? leukemia severe pain bl…
blood clot, stroke, and severe pain
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put the steps for sickle-cell anemia gene therapy in order. 1 patient r…
5, 1, 7, 2, 4, 6, 3
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the grey owl is adapted to live in the northern hemisphere with cold te…
Coniferous forest
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how does the shape and function of red blood cells differ in people wit…
rigid crescent shape; carries less oxygen
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the arctic fox is native to the arctic regions of the northern hemisphe…
Tundra
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what disease does the sickle cell trait protect against? abnormal blood…
C. malaria
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how do viruses aid genetic engineering? ○ they make the patient sick. ○…
B. They deliver new DNA to specific cells.
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which is not a treatment of sickle-cell anemia? ○ gene therapy to repai…
E. chemotherapy to destroy the affected blood cells
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what mutation causes sickle-cell anemia? ○ adenine replaces thymine ○ t…
adenine replaces thymine
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why is a virus a good vector to deliver a new gene (like non - sickling…
B. They naturally inject genetic material into host cells as part of their normal life cycle.
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a biome that is moderately rainy and hot is most likely a coniferous fo…
tropical grassland
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what is sickle cell trait? having abnormally shaped red blood cells in …
C. having a single copy of the mutated beta - globin gene
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what is gene therapy? medications designed to alleviate the symptoms of…
B. correcting or replacing mutated genes as a treatment for a genetic disease
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genetic mutations that cannot be passed from parents to their offspring…
somatic mutations.
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a homozygous brown - haired horse is mated with a homozygous white - ha…
C. both brown and white hair
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which term describes the process of sister chromatids not separating at…
nondisjunction
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which of these is a likely result of nondisjunction in human meiosis? ○…
aneuploid eggs or sperm
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which characteristic can be determined by amniocentesis and karyotyping…
trisomy 21
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how are polygenic and multifactorial traits different? ○ polygenic trai…
D. Polygenic traits are genetically based, whereas multifactorial traits have both genetic and environmental influ
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if two women have identical alleles of the suspected 20 height - associ…
E. because environmental factors also play a role in the phenotype of this trait
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the inheritance pattern for radish shape exhibits incomplete dominance.…
All offspring have oval radishes.
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in a particular species of octopus, long arm length is completely domin…
C. \(DD\) or \(Dd\)
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how is codominant inheritance different from incomplete dominant inheri…
In codominance, two alleles are expressed equally; in incomplete dominance, heterozygotes have an intermediate phenotype.
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9. which table shows two steps of dna replication? f step 1 dna polymer…
H. Step 1: DNA Polymerase matches adenine to thymine and cytosine to guanine; Step 2: Two identical DNA double helices are produced.
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5. what amino acid starts a protein? 6. what stops a protein? 7. a muta…
5. Methionine 6. A stop codon 7. A change in the DNA sequence
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which is the definition of a sex - linked trait? ○ a trait that is code…
a trait that is coded by a gene located on a sex chromosome
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why are more males than females affected by x - linked recessive geneti…
C. Males have a Y chromosome that cannot mask the X - linked recessive allele.
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if a man has an x - linked recessive disease, can his sons inherit that…
C. No, all his sons inherit their X chromosomes maternally.