Question

draw the orbital diagram for each of the following elements. oxygen chlorine magensium fluorine

Explanation:

Step1: Determine electron - configurations

Oxygen has 8 electrons, with electron - configuration $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{4}$. Chlorine has 17 electrons, with electron - configuration $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}3p^{5}$. Magnesium has 12 electrons, with electron - configuration $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}3s^{2}$. Fluorine has 9 electrons, with electron - configuration $1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{5}$.

Step2: Fill orbitals according to rules

• For oxygen: The 1s orbital is filled with 2 electrons (spin - paired), the 2s orbital is filled with 2 electrons (spin - paired), and in the 2p orbitals, according to Hund's rule, 3 of the 4 electrons are unpaired in separate 2p orbitals and 1 is spin - paired with one of them.
• For chlorine: The 1s, 2s, and 2p orbitals are filled as in neon - like configuration ($1s^{2}2s^{2}2p^{6}$). Then the 3s orbital is filled with 2 electrons (spin - paired), and in the 3p orbitals, 5 electrons are distributed with 3 unpaired and 2 spin - paired.
• For magnesium: The 1s, 2s, and 2p orbitals are filled as in neon - like configuration, and then the 3s orbital is filled with 2 spin - paired electrons.
• For fluorine: The 1s and 2s orbitals are filled with 2 spin - paired electrons each, and in the 2p orbitals, 5 electrons are distributed with 3 unpaired and 2 spin - paired.

Answer:

Oxygen orbital diagram:
1s: $\uparrow\downarrow$
2s: $\uparrow\downarrow$
2p: $\uparrow\downarrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$

Chlorine orbital diagram:
1s: $\uparrow\downarrow$
2s: $\uparrow\downarrow$
2p: $\uparrow\downarrow$ $\uparrow\downarrow$ $\uparrow\downarrow$ $\uparrow\downarrow$ $\uparrow\downarrow$
3s: $\uparrow\downarrow$
3p: $\uparrow\downarrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$

Magnesium orbital diagram:
1s: $\uparrow\downarrow$
2s: $\uparrow\downarrow$
2p: $\uparrow\downarrow$ $\uparrow\downarrow$ $\uparrow\downarrow$ $\uparrow\downarrow$ $\uparrow\downarrow$
3s: $\uparrow\downarrow$

Fluorine orbital diagram:
1s: $\uparrow\downarrow$
2s: $\uparrow\downarrow$
2p: $\uparrow\downarrow$ $\uparrow\downarrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$ $\uparrow$