Question

covalent bonding
covalent bonding occurs when two or more nonmetals share electrons, attempting to attain a stable octet of electrons at least part of the time. for example:
image of h and cl bonding
note that hydrogen is content with 2, not 8, electrons.
show how covalent bonding occurs in each of the following pairs of atoms. atoms may share one, two or three pairs of electrons.

1. h + h (h₂)

h - h

1. f + f (f₂)

:f..—..f:

1. o + o (o₂)

..o=o..

1. n + n (n₂)

n=n

1. c + o (co₂)

o=c=o

1. h + o (h₂o)

h+o-h
chemistry 1f8766

Explanation:

Step1: Analyze each molecule's bonding

For \(H_2\): Each H has 1 valence electron. Sharing 1 pair (single bond) gives each H 2 electrons (stable). So \(H - H\) is correct.

Step2: Analyze \(F_2\)

F has 7 valence electrons. Sharing 1 pair (single bond) gives each F 8 electrons. The Lewis structure should be \(:\ddot{F}-\ddot{F}:\) (the hand - drawn has some inaccuracies in electron dots but the bond is single, conceptually close).

Step3: Analyze \(O_2\)

O has 6 valence electrons. Sharing 2 pairs (double bond) gives each O 8 electrons. Correct as \(O = O\) (with lone pairs, but the bond representation is correct).

Step4: Analyze \(N_2\)

N has 5 valence electrons. It should share 3 pairs (triple bond), but the hand - drawn is \(N = N\) (incorrect, should be \(N\equiv N\)).

Step5: Analyze \(CO_2\)

C has 4 valence electrons, O has 6. C shares 2 pairs with each O (double bonds), so \(O = C = O\) is correct (with lone pairs on O, but bond representation is correct).

Step6: Analyze \(H_2O\)

O has 6 valence electrons, H has 1. O shares 1 pair with each H (single bonds). The correct Lewis structure is \(H - O - H\) (with 2 lone pairs on O), the hand - drawn \(H+O - H\) has a typo but the bond framework (O between two H) is correct in terms of connectivity.

Answer:

The correct bond representations (considering bond type and connectivity) are for \(H_2\) (\(H - H\)), \(O_2\) (\(O = O\)), \(CO_2\) (\(O = C = O\)) and \(H_2O\) (correct connectivity as \(H - O - H\) framework). The incorrect ones are \(F_2\) (electron dot inaccuracy) and \(N_2\) (bond order wrong, should be triple bond).