Question

chemical bonding: ionic and covalent bonds
i. what is an ion?
a. ______ - atom that has lost or gained electrons and now has a charge.
b. can be ____________ or ____________.
ii. why would an atom want to gain or lose electrons?
a. all atoms will want a ______________ outer shell to be stable.
b. a shell is full when it has ____ electrons. (except helium - it only has ____)
iii. atoms —> ions
a. when atoms become ____________ they become ____________.
b. a stable sodium ion has a ______________ charge.
iv. stop and think
atom or ion?
____ __ __ __ ____
charge?
____ __ __ __ ____
v. types of ions
a. ____________ lose electrons and have a ____________ charge.
b. ____________ gain electrons and have a ____________ charge.
vi. metals form cations (+)
a. metals give away or lose electrons and become ______________.
vii. nonmetals form anions (-)
a. nonmetals take or gain electrons and become ______________.
viii. ionic bonds
a. ionic bonds occur when a ______________ atom gives one or more electrons to
a ______________.
b. the metal atom becomes a ______________.
c. the nonmetal atom becomes an ______________.

Explanation:

This problem is about chemical bonding, specifically ionic and covalent bonds, which falls under the subfield of Chemistry in Natural Science. The questions cover concepts like ions, atom stability, ion formation, and types of ions. For example, in part I, an ion is defined as an atom that has lost or gained electrons (A), and can be a cation or anion (B). Part II explains atoms want a full outer shell (A), with a shell full at 8 electrons (except Helium with 2, B). Part III covers atom to ion conversion (A) and sodium ion charge (B). The "Stop and Think" section involves analyzing atomic structures (protons and electrons) to determine if they are atoms or ions and their charges. Types of ions (V) are cations (lose electrons, positive charge) and anions (gain electrons, negative charge). Metals form cations (VI) by losing electrons, nonmetals form anions (VII) by gaining electrons. Ionic bonds (VIII) involve metal (losing electrons, becoming cation) and nonmetal (gaining electrons, becoming anion) atoms.

Answer:

s (filling in the blanks):

I. What Is An Ion?

A. $\boldsymbol{\text{Ion}}$ - atom that has lost or gained electrons and now has a charge.
B. Can be $\boldsymbol{\text{cation}}$ or $\boldsymbol{\text{anion}}$.

II. Why Would An Atom Want To Gain Or Lose Electrons?

A. All atoms will want a $\boldsymbol{\text{full}}$ outer shell to be stable.
B. A shell is full when it has $\boldsymbol{8}$ electrons. (except Helium - it only has $\boldsymbol{2}$)

III. Atoms $\boldsymbol{

ightarrow}$ Ions
A. When atoms become $\boldsymbol{\text{ions}}$ they become $\boldsymbol{\text{stable}}$. (Note: More accurately, when atoms gain/lose electrons to get a full outer shell, they become ions and stable. Alternatively, "When atoms gain or lose electrons, they become ions.")
B. A stable sodium ion has a $\boldsymbol{+1}$ charge. (Sodium has 1 valence electron, loses it to form $\ce{Na+}$)

IV. Stop and Think (Analyzing the atomic structures):

To determine "Atom or Ion?" and "Charge?", we compare the number of protons ($\text{p}^+$) and electrons (black dots). An atom has equal protons and electrons (neutral charge); an ion has unequal protons and electrons (positive if protons > electrons, negative if electrons > protons).

1. First structure: $6$ protons, $6$ electrons (equal) $

ightarrow$ $\boldsymbol{\text{Atom}}$, Charge: $\boldsymbol{0}$

1. Second structure: $8$ protons, $10$ electrons (electrons > protons) $

ightarrow$ $\boldsymbol{\text{Ion}}$ (anion), Charge: $\boldsymbol{-2}$ (since $8 - 10 = -2$)

1. Third structure: $3$ protons, $2$ electrons (protons > electrons) $

ightarrow$ $\boldsymbol{\text{Ion}}$ (cation), Charge: $\boldsymbol{+1}$ (since $3 - 2 = +1$)

1. Fourth structure: $4$ protons, $4$ electrons (equal) $

ightarrow$ $\boldsymbol{\text{Atom}}$, Charge: $\boldsymbol{0}$

1. Fifth structure: $1$ proton, $1$ electron (equal) $

ightarrow$ $\boldsymbol{\text{Atom}}$ (Hydrogen atom), Charge: $\boldsymbol{0}$

V. Types of Ions

A. $\boldsymbol{\text{Cations}}$ LOSE electrons and have a $\boldsymbol{\text{positive}}$ charge.
B. $\boldsymbol{\text{Anions}}$ GAIN electrons and have a $\boldsymbol{\text{negative}}$ charge.

VI. Metals Form Cations (+)

A. Metals GIVE AWAY or LOSE electrons and become $\boldsymbol{\text{cations}}$ (or "positively charged ions").

VII. Nonmetals Form Anions (-)

A. Nonmetals TAKE or GAIN electrons and become $\boldsymbol{\text{anions}}$ (or "negatively charged ions").

VIII. Ionic Bonds

A. Ionic Bonds occur when a $\boldsymbol{\text{metal}}$ atom GIVES one or more electrons to a $\boldsymbol{\text{nonmetal}}$ atom.
B. The metal atom becomes a $\boldsymbol{\text{cation}}$ (positively charged ion).
C. The nonmetal atom becomes an $\boldsymbol{\text{anion}}$ (negatively charged ion).