24. how many electrons are there in the ion $^{40}_{20} ext{ca}^{2+}$?
25. what are positive ions called and what occurred to make them positive?
26. what are negative ions called and what occurred to make them negative?
27. which type of radiation is represented by each of the symbols?
a) $\alpha$ b) $\beta$ c) $\gamma$
28. which type of material would be a shield against each type of radiation?
a) $\alpha$ b) $\beta$ c) $\gamma$
29. the distance between two successive peaks or troughs in a wave is called
30. the number of waves that pass a given point per second is called?
31. for the line spectrum of an element, which of these is true?
a) is a continuous spectrum
b) is produced when elements emit light
c) can be used to identify elements
d) are produced when electrons jump outward
32. state the filling rule for each:
a) an orbital may be occupied by only two electrons
b) electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spin
c) one electrons per sub orbital than double up
d) electrons occupy the lowest energy orbital available
33. the formula used to calculate the maximum number of electrons per level is
34. what is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy a) the third level
b) the fifth level c) the sixth level
35. how many electrons exist is each sublevel ?
a) s b) p c) d d) f
36. what are electrons in the outermost energy level called?
37. how many electrons are in each of the following outermost energy level?
a) mg b) f c) k d) ar e) o

Question

24. how many electrons are there in the ion $^{40}_{20}	ext{ca}^{2+}$?
25. what are positive ions called and what occurred to make them positive?
26. what are negative ions called and what occurred to make them negative?
27. which type of radiation is represented by each of the symbols?
a) $\alpha$  b) $\beta$  c) $\gamma$
28. which type of material would be a shield against each type of radiation?
a) $\alpha$  b) $\beta$  c) $\gamma$
29. the distance between two successive peaks or troughs in a wave is called
30. the number of waves that pass a given point per second is called?
31. for the line spectrum of an element, which of these is true?
a) is a continuous spectrum
b) is produced when elements emit light
c) can be used to identify elements
d) are produced when electrons jump outward
32. state the filling rule for each:
a) an orbital may be occupied by only two electrons
b) electrons in the same orbital must have opposite spin
c) one electrons per sub orbital than double up
d) electrons occupy the lowest energy orbital available
33. the formula used to calculate the maximum number of electrons per level is
34. what is the maximum number of electrons that can occupy  a) the third level
b) the fifth level  c) the sixth level
35. how many electrons exist is each sublevel ?
a) s  b) p  c) d  d) f
36. what are electrons in the outermost energy level called?
37. how many electrons are in each of the following outermost energy level?
a) mg  b) f  c) k  d) ar  e) o

Accepted Answer

### Question 24:
# Explanation:
## Step1: Recall atomic number and ion charge
The atomic number (Z) of Ca is 20, so a neutral Ca atom has 20 electrons. The $ Ca^{2+} $ ion has lost 2 electrons.
## Step2: Calculate electrons in $ Ca^{2+} $
Electrons in $ Ca^{2+} = 20 - 2 = 18 $.
# Answer: 18

### Question 25:
# Brief Explanations:
Positive ions are called cations. They become positive by losing one or more electrons, resulting in a net positive charge (more protons than electrons).
# Answer: Cations; lose electrons

### Question 26:
# Brief Explanations:
Negative ions are called anions. They become negative by gaining one or more electrons, resulting in a net negative charge (more electrons than protons).
# Answer: Anions; gain electrons

### Question 27:
# Brief Explanations:
a) $ \alpha $ radiation is an alpha particle (helium nucleus, $ _2^4He $).
b) $ \beta $ radiation is a beta particle (high - speed electron, $ _{-1}^0e $).
c) $ \gamma $ radiation is gamma rays (high - energy electromagnetic radiation).
# Answer: a) Alpha particle; b) Beta particle; c) Gamma ray

### Question 28:
# Brief Explanations:
a) $ \alpha $ radiation can be shielded by a sheet of paper or skin (low - penetrating power).
b) $ \beta $ radiation can be shielded by a thin sheet of metal (e.g., aluminum).
c) $ \gamma $ radiation requires thick lead or concrete for shielding (high - penetrating power).
# Answer: a) Paper (or skin); b) Thin metal (e.g., Al); c) Thick lead/concrete

### Question 29:
# Brief Explanations:
The distance between two successive peaks or troughs in a wave is defined as the wavelength.
# Answer: Wavelength

### Question 30:
# Brief Explanations:
The number of waves that pass a given point per second is called frequency, with the unit hertz (Hz).
# Answer: Frequency

### Question 31:
# Brief Explanations:
- Option a: Line spectra are discrete, not continuous. Eliminate.
- Option b: Line spectra are produced when elements emit light (electrons transition between energy levels). Correct.
- Option c: Each element has a unique line spectrum, so it can identify elements. Correct.
- Option d: Electrons jump inward (to lower energy levels) to emit light for line spectra. Eliminate.
# Answer: b) is produced when elements emit light; c) can be used to identify elements

### Question 32:
# Brief Explanations:
a) The Pauli Exclusion Principle states an orbital may hold only two electrons.
b) The Pauli Exclusion Principle also states electrons in the same orbital have opposite spins.
c) Hund's Rule states one electron per sub - orbital before doubling up.
d) The Aufbau Principle states electrons occupy the lowest energy orbital available.
# Answer: a) Pauli Exclusion Principle; b) Pauli Exclusion Principle; c) Hund's Rule; d) Aufbau Principle

### Question 33:
# Brief Explanations:
The formula to calculate the maximum number of electrons per energy level (n) is $ 2n^2 $.
# Answer: $ 2n^2 $

### Question 34:
# Explanation:
## Step1: Use the formula $ 2n^2 $
For a given energy level $ n $, the maximum number of electrons is $ 2n^2 $.
## Step2: Calculate for each level
- a) Third level ($ n = 3 $): $ 2\times3^2=2\times9 = 18 $.
- b) Fifth level ($ n = 5 $): $ 2\times5^2=2\times25 = 50 $.
- c) Sixth level ($ n = 6 $): $ 2\times6^2=2\times36 = 72 $.
# Answer: a) 18; b) 50; c) 72

### Question 35:
# Brief Explanations:
- a) s sublevel has 1 orbital, so it can hold $ 2\times1 = 2 $ electrons.
- b) p sublevel has 3 orbitals, so it can hold $ 2\times3 = 6 $ electrons.
- c) d sublevel has 5 orbitals, so it can hold $ 2\times5 = 10 $ electrons.
- d) f sublevel has 7 orbitals, so it can hold $ 2\times7 = 14 $ electrons.
# Answer: a) 2; b) 6; c) 10; d) 14

### Question 36:
# Brief Explanations:
Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom are called valence electrons.
# Answer: Valence electrons

### Question 37:
# Explanation:
## Step1: Determine electron configurations
- Mg: Atomic number 12, electron configuration $ 1s^22s^22p^63s^2 $, outermost level (n = 3) has 2 electrons.
- F: Atomic number 9, electron configuration $ 1s^22s^22p^5 $, outermost level (n = 2) has 7 electrons.
- K: Atomic number 19, electron configuration $ 1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^64s^1 $, outermost level (n = 4) has 1 electron.
- Ar: Atomic number 18, electron configuration $ 1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^6 $, outermost level (n = 3) has 8 electrons.
- O: Atomic number 8, electron configuration $ 1s^22s^22p^4 $, outermost level (n = 2) has 6 electrons.
# Answer: a) 2; b) 7; c) 1; d) 8; e) 6

Sovi.AI - AI Math Tutor

QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

Question 24:

Step1: Recall atomic number and ion charge

Step2: Calculate electrons in \( Ca^{2+} \)

Answer:

Question 25: