Question

which of the following statements about measures of validity is true?
a. statistics, survey research, and scientific data can contain bias.
b. statistics, survey research, and scientific data never contain bias.
c. statistics and survey research always contain bias, but scientific data does not contain bias.
d. survey research can contain bias, but statistics and scientific data do not contain bias.
please select the best answer from the choices provided
a
b
c
d

Explanation:

Statistics, survey research, and scientific data can be influenced by various factors such as sampling methods, researcher bias, or data collection errors. For example, in a survey, if the sample is not representative (e.g., only surveying a certain age group when the target population is all ages), it introduces bias. In statistics, if data is misinterpreted or a wrong statistical test is used, it can lead to biased results. In scientific data collection, equipment calibration issues or observer - related errors can also cause bias.

Answer:

A. Statistics, survey research, and scientific data can contain bias.