Question

1. what are three properties of covalent compounds?
2. why do we not simplify the chemical formula for a covalent compound?
3. what is the common name for nonbonding electrons?

determine if the following are ionic compounds or molecules:

1. caco₃
2. naoh
3. h₂o

10.ch₃cooh

Explanation:

• Question 4: Covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points (due to weak intermolecular forces), are generally poor conductors of electricity (no free - moving ions in pure form), and many are gases or liquids at room temperature (again related to weak intermolecular forces).
• Question 5: The chemical formula of a covalent compound represents the actual number of atoms in a molecule. Simplifying it would lose the information about the molecular structure. For example, \(H_2O_2\) (hydrogen peroxide) has a different structure and properties than \(HO\) (which is not a stable compound in the context of covalent bonding as we know it for hydrogen peroxide).
• Question 6: Non - bonding electrons are commonly called lone pairs.
• Question 7: \(CaCO_3\) (calcium carbonate) is an ionic compound. It consists of \(Ca^{2 + }\) ions and \(CO_3^{2-}\) ions.
• Question 8: \(H_2O\) (water) is a covalent molecule. It is formed by the sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
• Question 9: \(NaOH\) (sodium hydroxide) is an ionic compound. It contains \(Na^{+}\) ions and \(OH^{-}\) ions.
• Question 10: \(CH_3COOH\) (acetic acid) is a covalent molecule. The bonds within the molecule (such as \(C - H\), \(C - C\), \(C - O\), and \(O - H\) bonds) are covalent bonds formed by the sharing of electrons.

Answer:

1. Low melting/boiling points, poor electrical conductivity, often gases/liquids at room temp.
2. Formula represents actual molecular atom count.
3. Lone pairs.
4. Ionic compound.
5. Molecule.
6. Ionic compound.
7. Molecule.