Question

1. what political change took place in spain, portugal, england, and france in the 1400s and 1500s?

a. knights established councils to limit the power of the monarch.
b. kings gained power at the expense of local nobles and the church.
c. city - states used their new economic power to achieve their independence.
d. power to make laws passed from royal families to the growing middle class.

Explanation:

In the 1400s and 1500s, in countries like Spain, Portugal, England, and France, there was a trend of centralization. Kings were able to increase their power. They did this by reducing the power of local nobles (who had been semi - autonomous in feudal systems) and also by limiting the power of the Church (which had significant political influence before). For example, in England, the Tudor monarchs (like Henry VIII) took steps to assert royal authority over the Church (through the English Reformation).

Answer:

B. Kings gained power at the expense of local nobles and the Church.