Question

what is a causal relationship?
a. a relationship where both variables change independently of each other
b. a relationship where one variable directly affects another
c. a relationship where the two variables are unrelated
d. a relationship where changes in both variables are purely random

Explanation:

A causal relationship means one variable causes a change in another. Option B correctly describes this. Option A is incorrect as variables in a causal relationship are not independent. Option C is wrong as they are related. Option D is false as changes are not random in a causal relationship.

Answer:

B. A relationship where one variable directly affects another