Question

1. chief justice marshall argues that the federal government may use \all means which are appropriate\ to achieve constitutional ends. which of the following best explains how this principle expanded federal power? it limited federal authority by requiring that all means be directly listed in the constitution. it reaffirmed state authority by recognizing state control over federal institutions. it established that congress could use powers not explicitly stated in the constitution if they were necessary to fulfill its duties. it required judicial approval before congress could use implied powers.

Explanation:

To solve this, we analyze each option:

• The first option says it limited federal authority, but the principle is about expanding it, so this is wrong.
• The second option reaffirms state authority, but the question is about expanding federal power, so this is incorrect.
• The third option states that Congress can use powers not explicitly in the Constitution if necessary for duties. Chief Justice Marshall's "all means which are appropriate" relates to implied powers (necessary and proper clause), which expand federal power by allowing Congress to use such implied powers. This matches.
• The fourth option mentions judicial approval for implied powers, but the principle is about Congress's ability to use implied powers, not needing judicial approval first. So this is wrong.

Answer:

C. It established that Congress could use powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution if they were necessary to fulfill its duties.