Question

base your answer to question 5 on the quotation below and on your knowledge of social studies.
...in every government there are three sorts of power: the legislative; the executive in respect to things dependent on the law of nations; and the executive in regard to matters that depend on the civil law....
source: baron de montesquieu, the spirit of the laws, 1748

1. which concept is being described in this quotation?

(1) consent of the governed
(2) natural laws
(3) separation of powers
(4) social contract
base your answers to questions 6 and 7 on the document below and on your knowledge of social studies.
-as all persons are held innocent until they shall have been declared guilty, if arrest shall be deemed indispensable, all harshness not essential to the securing of the prisoners person shall be severely repressed by law.
-no one shall be disquieted oppressed on account of his opinions, including his religious views, provided their manifestation display does not disturb the public order established by law.
-the free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law....
source: declaration of the rights of man and citizen, 1789

1. which group would be most likely to support the ideas presented in this document?

(1) the nobility
(2) the clergy
(3) the third estate
(4) the royal officials

1. which claim is best supported by this document?

(1) people arrested should be presumed guilty until proven innocent.
(2) the rights of all citizens should be respected with fairness and justice.
(3) religious practices should be limited by the government.
(4) freedom of speech should be restricted for the public good.

Explanation:

For question 5:

• Montesquieu's work "The Spirit of the Laws" is well - known for advocating the separation of powers. The three sorts of power (legislative, executive in two different aspects) mentioned in the quotation are key elements of the separation of powers concept.
• "Consent of the governed" refers to the idea that the authority of a government is based on the consent of the people it governs. There is no indication of this in the quotation.
• "Natural Laws" are moral principles that are believed to be inherent in nature. This is not the focus of the given text.
• "Social contract" is about an agreement among people to form a society. The text does not discuss this.

For question 6:

• The Third Estate in France (commoners) would support the ideas of equality, freedom, and rights presented in the document. The nobility and clergy (first and second estates) had privileges that these ideas would challenge. Royal officials were part of the old regime that these ideas opposed.

For question 7:

• The document states that people are innocent until declared guilty (opposing option 1), that opinions (including religious) are allowed as long as they don't disturb public order (opposing option 3), and that there is freedom of communication of ideas with responsibility for abuses (not a complete restriction as in option 4). It clearly supports the idea that the rights of all citizens should be respected with fairness and justice.

Answer:

1. (3) Separation of powers
2. (3) the Third Estate
3. (2) The rights of all citizens should be respected with fairness and justice.