Question

write out the steps of translation in the box below.
1
2
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4

1. where does translation occur?
2. what is produced in translation?
3. what would happen if our body could not carry out translation?
4. why does our body need rna? list two reasons.

proteins and all bencties
complete the coding chart below.
dna g c t t g a a g c
mrna c g a a c a a c g
irna
amino acids

Explanation:

Step1: Recall translation steps

Translation in molecular biology has key steps: 1. Initiation: Ribosome assembles around mRNA, tRNA with start codon (AUG) binds. 2. Elongation: tRNAs bring amino acids, ribosome forms peptide bonds, moves along mRNA. 3. Termination: Ribosome reaches stop codon, release factor binds, polypeptide released. 4. Post - translation: Polypeptide folds into functional protein.

Step2: Answer question 9 (Where does translation occur?)

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, specifically on ribosomes (free in cytoplasm or bound to rough ER).

Step3: Answer question 10 (What is produced in translation?)

In translation, a polypeptide chain (which folds into a protein) is produced using the mRNA code and tRNA - delivered amino acids.

Step4: Answer question 11 (Consequence of no translation)

If translation doesn't occur, no proteins (enzymes, structural proteins, hormones, etc.) are made. Cells can't perform vital functions (e.g., enzymes for metabolism, antibodies for immunity), leading to cell death, organ failure, and ultimately organism death.

Step5: Answer question 12 (Why body needs RNA)

1. mRNA: Carries genetic code from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm for translation. 2. tRNA: Transfers specific amino acids to ribosome during translation, matching mRNA codons with anticodons. 3. rRNA: Component of ribosomes, essential for ribosome structure and function in translation. (Two reasons: e.g., mRNA carries DNA's message for protein synthesis; tRNA delivers amino acids for protein building.)

Step6: Complete coding chart (DNA to mRNA to tRNA to amino acids)

• DNA to mRNA: Use base - pairing (A - U, T - A, G - C, C - G). Given DNA: G, C, T, T, G, A, A, G, C. mRNA: C, G, A, A, C, U, U, C, G.
• mRNA to tRNA: tRNA anticodons are complementary to mRNA codons (A - U, U - A, G - C, C - G). So tRNA: G, C, U, U, G, A, A, G, C.
• mRNA codons: CGA, AUC, UCG? Wait, no, group mRNA into codons (3 - letter). mRNA: C G A A C U U C G. Codons: CGA, ACU, UCG.
• CGA: tRNA anticodon GCU, amino acid: Arginine (Arg)
• ACU: tRNA anticodon UGA, amino acid: Threonine (Thr)
• UCG: tRNA anticodon AGC, amino acid: Serine (Ser)

Answer:

Steps of Translation:

1. Initiation: Ribosome binds to mRNA, start tRNA (with AUG) attaches.
2. Elongation: tRNAs bring amino acids, ribosome forms peptide bonds, moves along mRNA.
3. Termination: Ribosome reaches stop codon, polypeptide released.
4. Post - translation: Polypeptide folds into functional protein.

Question 9:

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm (on ribosomes, free or bound to rough ER).

Question 10:

A polypeptide chain (protein) is produced.

Question 11:

No proteins would be synthesized. Cells/organisms can’t perform vital functions (e.g., enzyme - mediated reactions, immune defense), leading to cell death, organ failure, and organism death.

Question 12:

1. mRNA carries DNA’s genetic message to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
2. tRNA delivers amino acids to ribosomes, matching mRNA codons. (Or rRNA: Forms ribosomes for translation.)

Coding Chart:

DNA	G	C	T	T	G	A	A	G	C
tRNA	G	C	U	U	G	A	A	G	C
Amino Acids	Arg (CGA)	Thr (ACU)	Ser (UCG)	(Grouped as codons: CGA, ACU, UCG)

(Note: For the amino acid column, group mRNA into 3 - letter codons: CGA, ACU, UCG. Corresponding amino acids: Arginine (CGA), Threonine (ACU), Serine (UCG).)