Question

the specificity of an antibody is due to
its valence
the l chains
the h chains
the variable portions of the h and l chains
the constant portions of the h and l chains
question 11 (bonus) (1 point)
the alternative pathway for compliment activation is initiated by
factors released from damaged tissues
antigen-antibody reactions
c5-c9
lipid-carbohydate complexes and c3

Explanation:

First Question (Antibody Specificity)

Antibody specificity is determined by the variable regions (portions) of both heavy (H) and light (L) chains. Valence relates to binding sites, L or H chains alone don't determine specificity, and constant regions are for other functions (e.g., effector functions). So the correct option is the one about variable portions of H and L chains.

The alternative complement pathway is initiated by lipid - carbohydrate complexes (like on microbial surfaces) and involves C3 (spontaneous hydrolysis of C3 to start). Factors from damaged tissues relate to the lectin or maybe other pathways, antigen - antibody reactions start the classical pathway, and C5 - C9 are part of the membrane attack complex (later in complement activation). So the correct option is lipid - carbohydrate complexes and C3.

Answer:

the variable portions of the H and L chains

Second Question (Complement Alternative Pathway)