a scientist estimates that the mean nitrogen dioxide level in a city is greater than 31 parts per billion. to test this estimate, you determine the nitrogen dioxide levels for 31 randomly selected days. the results (in parts per billion) are listed to the right. assume that the population standard deviation is 11. at $ \alpha = 0.12 $, can you support the scientists estimate? complete parts (a) through (e). (a) write the claim mathematically and identify $ h_0 $ and $ h_a $. choose from the following a. $ \begin{array} { l } { h _ { 0 } : mu = 31 } \\ { h _ { a } : mu 31 } \\ { \text { (claim) } } end{array} $ b. $ \begin{array} { l } { h _ { 0 } : mu geq 31 } \\ { \text { (claim) } } \\ { h _ { a } : mu 31 } end{array} $ f. $ \begin{array} { l } { h _ { 0 } : mu leq 31 } \\ { h _ { a } : mu 31 } \\ { \text { (claim) } } end{array} $ (b) find the critical value and identify the rejection region. $ z _ { 0 } = 1.17 $ (round to two decimal places as needed.) rejection region: $ z 1.17 $ (c) find the standardized test statistic. $ z = \square $ (round to two decimal places as needed.)

Question

a scientist estimates that the mean nitrogen dioxide level in a city is greater than 31 parts per billion. to test this estimate, you determine the nitrogen dioxide levels for 31 randomly selected days. the results (in parts per billion) are listed to the right. assume that the population standard deviation is 11. at $ \alpha = 0.12 $, can you support the scientists estimate? complete parts (a) through (e). (a) write the claim mathematically and identify $ h_0 $ and $ h_a $. choose from the following a. $ \begin{array} { l } { h _ { 0 } : mu = 31 } \\ { h _ { a } : mu > 31 } \\ { \text { (claim) } } end{array} $ b. $ \begin{array} { l } { h _ { 0 } : mu geq 31 } \\ { \text { (claim) } } \\ { h _ { a } : mu < 31 } end{array} $ c. $ \begin{array} { l } { h _ { 0 } : mu < 31 } \\ { h _ { a } : mu geq 31 } \\ { \text { (claim) } } end{array} $ d. $ \begin{array} { l } { h _ { 0 } : mu = 31 } \\ { \text { (claim) } } \\ { h _ { a } : mu > 31 } end{array} $ e. $ \begin{array} { l } { h _ { 0 } : mu leq 31 } \\ { \text { (claim) } } \\ { h _ { a } : mu > 31 } end{array} $ f. $ \begin{array} { l } { h _ { 0 } : mu leq 31 } \\ { h _ { a } : mu > 31 } \\ { \text { (claim) } } end{array} $ (b) find the critical value and identify the rejection region. $ z _ { 0 } = 1.17 $ (round to two decimal places as needed.) rejection region: $ z > 1.17 $ (c) find the standardized test statistic. $ z = \square $ (round to two decimal places as needed.)

Accepted Answer

# Explanation:
## Step1: Calculate the sample mean
First, sum up all the data values.
$$
\begin{align*}
&18 + 14+27+28+29+39+18+33+25+42+38+25+27+41+17+39+32+41+23+43+38+44+37+32+15+41+32+24+35+25+34\
=&986
\end{align*}
$$
The sample size $n = 31$. The sample mean $\bar{x}=\frac{\sum_{i = 1}^{n}x_{i}}{n}=\frac{986}{31}\approx31.81$

## Step2: Calculate the standardized test statistic
The formula for the $z -$ test statistic in a one - sample $z$ - test (since the population standard deviation $\sigma$ is known) is $z=\frac{\bar{x}-\mu}{\frac{\sigma}{\sqrt{n}}}$

We know that $\mu = 31$ (from the null hypothesis $H_{0}:\mu\leq31$), $\sigma = 11$, and $n = 31$, $\bar{x}\approx31.81$

$$
\begin{align*}
z&=\frac{31.81 - 31}{\frac{11}{\sqrt{31}}}\
&=\frac{0.81}{\frac{11}{\sqrt{31}}}\
&=\frac{0.81\sqrt{31}}{11}\
&\approx\frac{0.81\times5.57}{11}\
&\approx\frac{4.51}{11}\
&\approx0.41
\end{align*}
$$

# Answer:
$z\approx0.41$

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QUESTION IMAGE

Question

Explanation:

Step1: Calculate the sample mean

Step2: Calculate the standardized test statistic

Answer: